A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION PATRICK J. HURLEY - TEST BANK

INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. 1. Incandescent light bulbs eventually burn out because the high temperature of the filament causes tungsten atoms to fly off and collect on the inside of the bulb's glass. This loss of tungsten is slowed, but not prevented, by introducing argon inside the bulb's envelope. As more and more atoms are lost, the filament disintegrates. When this happens, no electricity flows through the filament, and the bulb produces no light. a. Argument; conclusion: Incandescent light bulbs eventually burn out. b. Argument; conclusion: The high temperature of the filament ... the bulb's glass. c. Argument; conclusion: The filament disintegrates. d. Argument; conclusion: When this happens ... the bulb produces no light. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: e 2. The consequences of violence for children are very often grave and damaging. Violence may result in greater susceptibility to lifelong social, emotional and cognitive impairments. Related mental health and social problems include anxiety and depressive disorders, hallucinations, impaired work performance, memory disturbances and aggressive behavior. Early exposure to violence is also associated with later lung, heart and liver disease, fetal death during pregnancy, and suicide attempts. Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Report of the Independent Expert on Violence Against Children a. Argument; conclusion: Violence may result ... cognitive impairments. b. Argument; conclusion: Related mental health ... aggressive behavior. c. Argument; conclusion: Early exposure to violence ... suicide attempts. d. Argument; conclusion: The consequences of violence ... grave and damaging. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: d 3. Finding an identity as a Latino is a tricky issue in the United States because the pressure to assimilate is being repressed by the pressure to retain your roots. If you are deemed too assimilated into American culture, you are branded a "gringo" by your peers or even a turncoat to your blood and country. If you shun all American culture, you are branded as a freeloading malcontent who would be better off going back to where he came from. It is a lose-lose situation. Mario Feirro, Letter to the editor a. Argument; conclusion: Finding an identity ... in the United States. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: If you are deemed too assimilated ... blood and country. d. Argument; conclusion: If you shun all American culture ... where he came from. e. Argument; conclusion: The pressure to assimilate ... retain your roots. ANSWER: a 4. A crystal is a form of mineral that has grown in an orderly and symmetrical manner. When broken, it naturally divides into a common shape based on its structure. Crystals are the result of the atomic arrangement of atoms as they grow in a shape that can be duplicated many times. Crystals are made up of molecules that fit neatly together in an orderly way. All crystals of the same material have the same shape. Edward F. Albin, Earth Science Made Easy a. Argument; conclusion: Crystals are the result ... duplicated many times. b. Argument; conclusion: When broken, it naturally divides ... its structure. c. Nonargument. d. Argument; conclusion: All crystals of the same material have the same shape. e. Argument; conclusion: A crystal is a form of mineral ... symmetrical manner. ANSWER: c 5. Karl Marx believed that the key to human history was class conflict. According to Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie are locked in inevitable conflict with the proletariat. This bitter struggle can end only when members of the working class unite in revolution and throw off their chains of bondage. The result will be a classless society, one free of exploitation, in which everyone will work according to their abilities and receive according to their needs. James M. Henslin, Essentials of Sociology a. Argument; conclusion: According to Marxist theory ... with the proletariat. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: This bitter struggle can end ... their chains of bondage. d. Argument; conclusion: The result will be a classless society ... to their needs. e. Argument; conclusion: Karl Marx believed ... class conflict. ANSWER: b 6. In general, whoever produces or distributes child pornography is subject to prosecution. But that rule is not absolute. For example, in 2002 the Supreme Court ruled that computer generated child porn is protected under the First Amendment. The Court reasoned that such pornography was permissible because no real children are exploited. a. Argument; conclusion: In general, whoever produces ... subject to prosecution. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: That rule is not absolute. d. Argument; conclusion: The Court reasoned ... no real children are exploited. e. Argument; conclusion: In 2002 the Supreme Court ... First Amendment. ANSWER: c 7. The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, cell body, and axon. The dendrites receive information from other neurons and pass it along to the cell body. The cell body decides whether the information should be passed on to other neurons. If it decides it should, then it does so by means of an electrical impulse that travels down the axon. When the impulse reaches the axon terminals, it triggers chemical communication with other neurons. Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction a. Argument; conclusion: The cell body decides ... to other neurons. b. Argument; conclusion: The three main parts ... and axon. c. Argument; conclusion: The dendrites ... along to the cell body. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: When the impulse reaches ... with other neurons. ANSWER: d 8. Computerized scanning equipment has revolutionized the study of brain diseases and injuries. At best, conventional X-rays produce only shadowy images of the brain. Computed tomographic (CT) scanning is a specialized type of X-ray that does a much better job of making the brain visible. In a CT scan, X-ray information is collected by a computer and formed into an image of the brain. A CT scan can reveal the effects of strokes, injuries, tumors, and other brain disorders. Dennis Coon and John O. Mitterer, Psychology: A Journey a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: A CT scan can reveal ... other brain disorders. c. Argument; conclusion: At best, conventional X-rays ... images of the brain. d. Argument; conclusion: Computed tomographic (CT) scanning ... brain visible. e. Argument; conclusion: Computerized scanning equipment ... and injuries. ANSWER: e 9. If you go to foreign films, if you go to documentaries, if you go to independent films, if you go to good films, you will become a better person because you will understand human nature better. Movies record human nature in a better way than any other art form. That's for sure. Roger Ebert a. Argument; conclusion: That's for sure. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: If you go to foreign films ... a better person. d. Argument; conclusion: You will understand human nature better. e. Argument; conclusion: Movies record human nature ... any other art form. ANSWER: c 10. If people buy cars that are more efficient, replace large appliances with energy efficient ones, unplug unused freezers and refrigerators, replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent models, and plant trees on private property and public land, then millions of tons of heat-trapping gasses will be kept out of the atmosphere, the current level of these gasses will be reduced, and the catastrophic consequences of global warming will be averted. a. Argument; conclusion: People buy cars ... private property and public land. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Millions of tons ... out of the atmosphere. d. Argument; conclusion: The catastrophic consequences ... will be averted. e. Argument; conclusion: Millions of tons of heat-trapping gasses ... will be averted. ANSWER: b 11. The parallel concepts of the element and the atom constitute the very foundations of chemical science. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form capable of an independent existence as observable matter. As such, the concept of the element is a macroscopic one that relates to the world that we can observe with our senses. The atom is the microscopic realization of this concept. That is, it is the actual physical particle that is unique to each chemical element. Stephen Lower, Chem 1 Virtual Textbook a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: The parallel concepts ... foundations of chemical science. c. Argument; conclusion: As such, the concept of the element ... realization of this concept. d. Argument; conclusion: It is the actual physical particle ... each chemical element. e. Argument; conclusion: An element is a substance ... as observable matter. ANSWER: a 12. Earth science can be divided into four branches. Geology is the study of rocks, minerals, and forces that wear down the surface and build mountains. Meteorology covers weather, climate, and the atmosphere. Astronomy investigates planets, stars, and other features outside the atmosphere. The study of the oceans is called oceanography. Scott Ryan, Earth Science a. Argument; conclusion: The study of the oceans is called oceanography. b. Argument; conclusion: Geology is the study of rocks ... build mountains. c. Argument; conclusion: Meteorology covers weather, climate, and the atmosphere. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: Earth science can be divided into four branches. ANSWER: d 13. Apple seeds and cherry pits are poisonous because they contain cyanide compounds. Your body can detoxify small quantities of these compounds, but larger doses can lead to difficulty in breathing, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and kidney failure. Reactions can include coma, convulsions, and death from respiratory arrest. Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" a. Argument; conclusion: Apple seeds and cherry pits are poisonous. b. Argument; conclusion: Reactions can include ... respiratory arrest. c. Argument; conclusion: They contain cyanide compounds. d. Argument; conclusion: Your body can detoxify ... kidney failure. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: a 14. The power that modifies, influences, and controls climate originates with the sun. The amount of sunlight striking a particular area of the globe determines the level of warmth and ultimately the movement of air and the amount of precipitation. Because the earth is a globe that rotates about a tilted axis, the amount of sunlight striking the earth varies by region and time. Gary S. Moore, Living with the Earth, 3rd ed. a. Argument; conclusion: The power that modifies ... originates with the sun. b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is a globe that rotates about a tilted axis. c. Argument; conclusion: The amount of sunlight ... varies by region and time. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: The amount of sunlight ... the amount of precipitation. ANSWER: c 15. Native peoples, completely dependent on Mother Earth for everything in their lives, worshipped the Earth as a nurturing goddess that provided for all their needs. From the soil came plants and growing things that provided clothing and food. From the rivers and seas came fish and shellfish for food, trade articles, and tools. From the air came rain, snow, and wind to grow crops and alter the seasons. The Earth was never stagnant or dull, but always provided for those in her care. Linda Williams, Earth Science Demystified a. Argument; conclusion: From the rivers and seas ... and tools. b. Argument; conclusion: From the soil came plants ... clothing and food. c. Argument; conclusion: The Earth was never stagnant ... in her care. d. Argument; conclusion: Native peoples ... all their needs. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: e 16. Water is abundant over most of the earth's surface, and within the temperature range usually encountered there, it is liquid. Water also is a powerful solvent. Consequently, water is an excellent medium for the chemical processes of living systems. It is hard to imagine life having any other basis than water. Robert E. Ricklefs, The Economy of Nature, 5th ed. a. Argument; conclusion: It is hard to imagine life having any other basis than water. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Water is abundant ... it is liquid. d. Argument; conclusion: Water is an excellent medium ... living systems. e. Argument; conclusion: Water also is a powerful solvent. ANSWER: d 17. It is a fact that major life forms now on earth were not at all represented in the past. There were no birds or mammals 250 million years ago. It is a fact that major life forms of the past are no longer living. There used to be dinosaurs and Pithecanthropus, and there are none now. It is a fact that all living forms came from previously living forms. Therefore, all present forms of life arose from ancestral forms that were different: birds arose from nonbirds and humans from nonhumans. R.C. Lewontin, "Evolution/Creation Debate: A Time for Truth" a. Argument; conclusion: It is a fact that all living forms ... previously living forms. b. Argument; conclusion: It is a fact that major life forms of the past are no longer living. c. Nonargument. d. Argument; conclusion: It is a fact that major life forms ... represented in the past. e. Argument; conclusion: All present forms of life ... forms that were different. ANSWER: e INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each. 18. After Sally stopped wearing Levi jeans, she started having vision problems. Therefore, to clear up her vision problems, Sally should go back to wearing her Levi's. a. Inductive, weak. b. Deductive, unsound. c. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, invalid. e. Deductive, valid. ANSWER: a 19. As climate change continues, the temperature of the world's oceans will rise. As ocean temperatures rise, hurricanes will become more intense. Therefore, hurricanes in the Caribbean will intensify in the years ahead. a. Inductive, weak. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, valid. d. Deductive, sound. e. Deductive, invalid. ANSWER: b 20. Given that figure A is an equilateral triangle, and one of its sides has a length of 1 foot. It follows that its area is less than 1 square foot. a. Inductive, strong. b. Inductive, uncogent. c. Inductive, weak. d. Deductive, valid. e. Deductive, invalid. ANSWER: d 21. James Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule, says that Charles Darwin is the most important person to have ever lived. Therefore, it must be the case that Charles Darwin is indeed the most important person to have ever lived. a. Inductive, strong. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Inductive, cogent. e. Deductive, valid. ANSWER: c 22. If the northern pike is a ferocious predator, then it is a threat to lake trout. The northern pike is indeed a threat to lake trout. Therefore, the northern pike is a ferocious predator. a. Inductive, weak. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, cogent. e. Deductive, invalid. ANSWER: e 23. Either Leonardo da Vinci or Andrew Wyeth painted the Mona Lisa. But it clearly wasn't da Vinci. Therefore, Andrew Wyeth painted the Mona Lisa. a. Inductive, weak. b. Deductive, valid. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Deductive, sound. e. Inductive, strong. ANSWER: b 24. A week ago we invited Charlie to a party, and within two hours he became drunk and obnoxious. The same thing happened when Theresa invited him three weeks ago. Therefore, it would not be a good idea for Daisy to invite him to next week's party, because the same thing will probably happen again. a. Inductive, strong. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, cogent. ANSWER: a 25. Henry and Carl, who are neighbors, are about the same age, and they both have heart conditions. Henry takes Digitoxin for his heart, and it relieves his symptoms. Therefore, it would be a good idea for Carl to take the same medicine for his heart. a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, cogent. d. Inductive, weak. e. Inductive, strong. ANSWER: d 26. Some statements about the human condition are commercial failures, since some novels are commercial failures, and some novels are statements about the human condition. a. Inductive, weak. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, unsound. ANSWER: c 27. The pop-up message on your computer screen says "Earn $10,000 per week. Call ." Therefore, if you call that number you can earn $10,000 per week. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Deductive, valid. c. Inductive, strong. d. Inductive, cogent. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: e 28. Louis graduated from college after Cheri, and Cheri graduated before Denise. Therefore, it follows necessarily that Louis graduated before Denise. a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, strong. d. Inductive, sound. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: b 29. No taggers are publicly spirited citizens, because all taggers are criminals, and no criminals are publicly spirited citizens. a. Inductive, cogent. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, weak. e. Inductive, strong. ANSWER: c 30. After Scott started the engine in his old Chevy, the car backfired several times, and clouds of smoke came from the exhaust pipe. Apparently something must be wrong with the engine. a. Deductive, valid. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, strong. e. Inductive, cogent. ANSWER: d 31. Laura is the sister of either Rachel or Sandy, and Sandy is the sister of Beth. Therefore, it follows necessarily that Laura is the sister of Beth. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Deductive, sound. c. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: a 32. Beneath the image of Thomas Jefferson on this U.S. five-cent coin we see "1975." It must be the case that the coin was minted in 1975. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, weak. e. Deductive, sound. ANSWER: b 33. When asked how to address the militaristic ambitions of North Korea, two Republican senators said we should drop bombs on Pyongyang, and a third said we should invade. The obvious conclusion is that Republicans are all a bunch of war mongers. a. Inductive, strong. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, cogent. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: e 34. If interest rates rise, then home sales will decline. Thus, if interest rates rise, then real estate prices will drop, because if home sales decline, then real estate prices will drop. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Inductive, cogent. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, weak. e. Inductive, strong. ANSWER: c INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for each multiple choice question. 35. Which of the following are all nonarguments? a. Predictions, pieces of advice, reports. b. Opinions, categorical syllogisms, explanations. c. Expository passages, illustrations, disjunctive syllogisms. d. Statements of belief, warnings, conditional statements. e. Generalizations, causal inferences, propositions. ANSWER: d 36. Which of the following are all inductive arguments? a. Generalizations, arguments from authority, arguments based on signs. b. Disjunctive syllogisms, arguments based on mathematics, arguments from definition. c. Causal inferences, arguments from definition, predictions. d. Arguments from analogy, arguments from authority, hypothetical syllogisms. e. Categorical syllogisms, arguments from authority, predictions. ANSWER: a 37. Which of the following are all conclusion indicators? a. Implies that, accordingly, since. b. For the reason that, it follows that, inasmuch as. c. Therefore, for this reason, entails that. d. Hence, thus, given that. e. Given that, as indicated by, seeing that. ANSWER: c 38. In the expression "Hard water causes spots on glass because it contains calcium and magnesium salts that remain when the water dries," the statement "It contains calcium and magnesium salts that remain when the water dries" is called the: a. Explanandum. b. Consequent. c. Premise. d. Conclusion. e. Explanans. ANSWER: e 39. In the expression "If politicians engage in cover-ups, then they risk being prosecuted as criminals," the statement "They risk being prosecuted as criminals" is called the: a. Conclusion. b. Conditional. c. Antecedent. d. Explanandum. e. Consequent. ANSWER: e 40. Any argument in which the conclusion actually follows with strict necessity from the premises is: a. Inductive and valid. b. Deductive and sound. c. Deductive and invalid. d. Deductive and valid. e. Inductive and cogent. ANSWER: d 41. If an inductive argument has all false premises and a probably false conclusion, then we know: a. The argument is strong. b. Nothing, as such, about the argument's strength. c. The argument is cogent. d. The argument is valid. e. The argument is sound. ANSWER: b 42. Which of the following is a sufficient condition for being a parent? a. Having sex. b. Getting pregnant. c. Giving birth. d. Getting married. e. Having a baby shower. ANSWER: c 43. Which of the following is a necessary condition for making a call on a smartphone? a. Speaking clearly. b. Turning the phone on. c. Calling a friend. d. Selecting a ring tone. e. Inputting often used numbers. ANSWER: b 44. Which of the following sentences is a statement? a. Robert Downey is a brain surgeon. b. Let's go to a restaurant tonight. c. I suggest that you take a vacation. d. Do you know Senator Garson? e. Stop beating that drum this very minute. ANSWER: a INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to the counterexample method. 45. PART A All evangelicals are political conservatives, so some fundamentalists are evangelicals, since some fundamentalists are political conservatives. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. All P are E. b. Some F are P. c. All E are H. Some P are F. Some F are E. Some F are E. Some F are E. All E are P. Some F are P. d. All E are P. e. Some F are P. Some F are P. Some F are E. Some F are E. All P are E. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. E = fish, P = mammals, F = animals. b. E = dogs, P = animals, F = mammals. c. E = dogs, P = animals, F = cats. d. E = birds, P = dogs, F = fish. e. E = animals, P = cats, F = fish. ANSWER: Part A: d Part B: c 46. PART A If shopping malls utilize video cameras, then the privacy of shoppers is invaded. Consequently, shopping malls utilize video cameras, because the privacy of shoppers is invaded. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. If S then P. b. P c. If S then P. P S S S If S then P. P d. If P then S. e. If P then S. P S S. P PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument in invalid? a. M = Angelina Jolie stars in movies, P = Angelina Jolie is an actress. b. M = George Washington was beheaded, P = George Washington is dead. c. M = Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, P = Abraham Lincoln is dead. d. M = Tom Smith was killed in a plane crash, P = Tom Smith is dead. e. M = George Washington is dead, P = George Washington was beheaded. ANSWER: Part A: a Part B: b 47. PART A Some movies are long comedies, for some movies are long, and some movies are comedies. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. Some M are L. b. Some M are LC. c. Some M are C. Some M are C. Some M are L. Some M are LC. Some M are LC. Some M are C. Some M are L. d. Some LC are M. e. Some M are L. Some M are L. Some M are C. Some M are C. Some LC are C. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. M = birds, L = yellow, C = canaries. b. M = vegetables, L = green, C = peppers. c. M = animals, L = green, C = elephants. d. M = parrots, L = green, C = animals. e. M = elephants, L = red, C = cats. ANSWER: Part A: a Part B: c INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. 1. The Social Security system is a pay-as-you-go arrangement where contributions by today's workers are paid out to yesterday's retirees. If part of today's contributions go into private retirement accounts, they cannot be paid out. To make up the shortage, the government would have to borrow massive amounts of money. Hence, Social Security privatization would cause a huge increase in the federal deficit. a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: If part of today's contributions ... cannot be paid out. c. Argument; conclusion: Social security privatization ... federal deficit. d. Argument; conclusion: The Social Security System ... to yesterday's retirees. e. Argument; conclusion: To make up the shortage ... massive amounts of money. ANSWER: c 2. There are two approaches to the development and testing of hypotheses: inductive and deductive. In the inductive method, the scientist gathers empirical data and from it arrives at a generalization. The inductive method proceeds from specific observations to a general conclusion. Using a deductive method, a scientist develops a general idea about a phenomenon, performs experiments, and from them makes specific predictions that can be tested again. Robert Leo Smith and Thomas M Smith, Ecology and Field Biology, 6th edition a. Argument; conclusion: The inductive method ... to a general conclusion. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: There are two approaches ... inductive and deductive. d. Argument; conclusion: using a deductive method ... can be tested again. e. Argument; conclusion: In the inductive method ... at a generalization. ANSWER: b 3. Cats can see in the dark because they have a special mirror-like layer of cells behind their retina called the tapetum lucidum. When light passes through the retina, it is reflected back through it by this layer of cells, and this provides additional stimulation to the retina's light receptors. a. Argument; conclusion: This provides additional ... light receptors. b. Argument; conclusion: When light passes through ... by this layer of cells. c. Argument; conclusion: They have a special ... tapetum lucidum. d. Argument; conclusion: Cats can see in the dark. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: e 4. The U.S. is the largest single market in the world in terms of national income. It represents roughly 25 percent of the total world market for all products and services. Thus, U.S. companies that wish to achieve maximum growth potential must "go global" because 75 percent of the world market potential is outside their home country. Warren J. Keegan and Mark C. Green, Global Marketing a. Argument; conclusion: U.S. companies that wish ... must "go global." b. Argument; conclusion: It represents ... products and services. c. Argument; conclusion: 75 percent of the world market ... home country. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: The U.S. is the largest ... national income. ANSWER: a 5. Over the past decade, many graffiti artists have moved away from painting their signatures in the familiar wide-style lettering (a practice known as "tagging"). Instead, they make their mark with pictograms. Thus, a Belgian artist known as Plug appends large, cartoon electric plugs to machines in public places, while Cha, an academy-trained painter, adorns the walls of Barcelona with Picasso-influenced cats. Tristan Manco, "Street Logos" a. Argument; conclusion: Cha, an academy⎯trained ... Picasso-influenced cats. b. Argument; conclusion: Instead, they make their mark with pictograms. c. Argument; conclusion: Over the past decade ... ( a practice known as "tagging"). d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: A Belgian artist known as Plug ... in public places. ANSWER: d 6. Sugar never spoils or gets moldy because it has an extremely low moisture content. This low moisture content dehydrates and kills microorganisms that might cause mold, and it impedes chemical changes that could cause spoilage. a. Argument; conclusion: This low moisture content ... that might cause mold. b. Argument; conclusion: Sugar never spoils or gets moldy. c. Argument; conclusion: It impedes chemical changes that could cause spoilage. d. Argument; conclusion: It has an extremely low moisture content. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: e 7. Contrary to the assurances of the fast food industry, most fast foods are loaded with fat grams. For example, KFC's Chunky Chicken Pot Pie has 42 fat grams, a Double Whopper with Cheese has 65, and an order of Mucho Grande Nachos has an incredible 82 fat grams. a. Argument; conclusion: An order of Mucho Grande Nachos ... 82 fat grams. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Most fast foods are loaded with fat grams. d. Argument; conclusion: KFC's Chunky Chicken Pot Pie has 42 fat grams. e. Argument; conclusion: A Double Whopper with Cheese has 65. ANSWER: c 8. Education in the United States is a system in crisis. Compared to their Asian and European counterparts, American students are poor academic performers, especially in sciences and in mathematics. Despite having received an education, millions of adults are functionally and culturally illiterate. Educational funding has been cut dramatically, and many school facilities are in dangerous states of disrepair. Michael P. Soroka and George J. Bryjak, Social Problems: A World at Risk a. Argument; conclusion: Education in the United States is a system in crisis. b. Argument; conclusion: Despite having received ... culturally illiterate. c. Argument; conclusion: Compared to their Asian ... sciences and in mathematics. d. Argument; conclusion: Educational funding ... dangerous states of disrepair. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: a 9. Photographs taken from space show that Earth is striking in its beauty. Blue oceans cover nearly three-fourths of the surface, broken by the continental land masses and scattered islands. The polar caps are white with snow and ice, and white clouds are scattered above the surface. At night, the glow of artificial lights clearly reveals the presence of an intelligent civilization. Jeffrey Bennett, et al., The Cosmic Perspective, 3rd edition a. Argument; conclusion: The polar caps ... above the surface. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Blue oceans ... scattered islands. d. Argument; conclusion: At night, the glow ... an intelligent civilization. e. Argument; conclusion: Photographs taken from space ... striking in its beauty. ANSWER: b 10. Water is a highly reactive substance, quite different both physically and chemically from most other liquids. Indeed, life as we know it would be impossible if water did not have the properties it does. The first living systems presumably arose in the aqueous environment of shallow seas. It is therefore not surprising that the living organisms of the present are intimately adapted at the molecular level to the special properties of water. David Randall et al., Animal Physiology a. Argument; conclusion: Water is a highly reactive ... most other liquids. b. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, life as we know it ... the properties it does. c. Argument; conclusion: It is not surprising ... properties of water. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: The first living systems ... shallow seas. ANSWER: c 11. Health care is a basic right. Our current system is convoluted and unethical and should go the way of gladiator games. We can spar and battle in the free market in many arenas, but when we get sick we should all have care—not just the lawyers, bankers, politicians, and others who can afford it. We like the free market, but we shouldn't let people die in the street—not in this country. Lucius Schoenbaum, Letter to the Editor a. Argument; conclusion: We can spar and battle ... others who can afford it. b. Argument; conclusion: We like the free market ... not in this country. c. Argument; conclusion: Our current system is convoluted ... gladiator games. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: Health care is a basic right. ANSWER: d 12. If the dietary guidelines promulgated by the Department of Agriculture, which recommend two servings of fruit, three servings of vegetables, and two servings of milk products every day, are to have any real effect, then fundamental cultural changes will have to occur, and people will have to rethink their inherited notions about the purpose of eating—whether we should eat for pleasure or for health—and what is necessary for a meal to be satisfying. a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: The dietary guidelines ... are to have any real effect. c. Argument; conclusion: Dietary guidelines have been promulgated by the Department of Agriculture. d. Argument; conclusion: Fundamental cultural changes ... to be satisfying. e. Argument; conclusion: We must rethink whether we should eat for pleasure or for health. ANSWER: a 13. Modern biology is as important as it is inspiring. Genetics and cell biology are revolutionizing medicine and agriculture. Molecular biology is providing new tools for anthropology, helping us trace the origin and dispersal of early humans. Ecology is helping us evaluate environmental issues, such as the causes and consequences of global warming. And neuroscience and evolutionary biology are reshaping psychology and sociology. Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece, Biology, 6th edition a. Argument; conclusion: Genetics and cell biology ... agriculture. b. Argument; conclusion: Molecular biology ... dispersal of early humans. c. Nonargument. d. Argument; conclusion: Neuroscience and evolutionary biology ... sociology. e. Argument; conclusion: Modern biology is as important as it is inspiring. ANSWER: e 14. The farther away we look in distance, the further back we look in time. This fact allows us to see what parts of the universe looked like in the distant past. For example, if we look at a galaxy that is 1 billion light years away, its light has taken 1 billion years to reach us—which means we are seeing it as it looked 1 billion years ago. Jeffrey Bennett, et al., The Cosmic Perspective, 3rd edition a. Argument; conclusion: This fact allows us to see ... in the distant past. b. Argument; conclusion: The farther away ... we look in time. c. Argument; conclusion: If we look at a galaxy ... 1 billion years to reach us. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: We are seeing it as it looked 1 billion years ago. ANSWER: d 15. The beating of your heart results from physiological mechanisms fundamentally no different from those that underlie heart function in fishes, frogs, and birds. Likewise, the molecular events that produce an electrical nerve impulse in your brain are fundamentally the same as those that produce an impulse in the nerve of a squid or rat. For these reasons, animal physiology has made innumerable contributions to our understanding of human physiology. David Randall et al., Animal Physiology a. Argument; conclusion: Likewise, the molecular events ... nerve of a squid or rat. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: The beating of your heart ... frogs, and birds. d. Argument; conclusion: The beating of your heart ... physiological mechanisms. e. Argument; conclusion: Animal physiology ... human physiology. ANSWER: e 16. Laws banning junk e-mail are largely ineffective. Spammers can easily avoid such laws by moving overseas, where local rules allow them free rein. Also, it is often impossible to detect the source of junk e-mail. Much of it is sent from zombie transmitters—personal computers that have been hijacked by viruses. Newspaper Clipping a. Argument; conclusion: Spammers can easily avoid ... allow them free rein. b. Argument; conclusion: Much of it is sent ... hijacked by viruses. c. Argument; conclusion: Laws banning junk e-mail are largely ineffective. d. Argument; conclusion: Also, it is often impossible ... junk e-mail. e. Nonargument. ANSWER: c 17. The 300 million people who live in the U.S. make up just 5% of the world's population, but they consume a quarter of the world's oil supply. For much of the twentieth century, the U.S. was the world's largest oil producer, and its profligacy wasn't a pressing problem. Today, however, we are only the third-largest producer, behind Saudi Arabia and Russia. In terms of proven reserves, we have slipped to tenth place in the international rankings. John Cassidy, "Pump Dreams" a. Argument; conclusion: For much of the twentieth century ... a pressing problem. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: In terms of proven reserves ... international rankings. d. Argument; conclusion: The 290 million people who live ... world's oil supply. e. Argument; conclusion: Today, however ... Saudi Arabia and Russia. ANSWER: b INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each. 18. If corporations continue to pollute, then the environment will be damaged beyond repair. The environment will be damaged beyond repair. Therefore, corporations will continue to pollute. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Deductive, sound. c. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: a 19. Valerie Nelson's last three novels sold well over a million copies each. She's now finished a new novel, and it has gotten better reviews than the earlier ones. Hence, her new novel should sell over a million copies, too. a. Inductive, strong. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, cogent. e. Deductive, valid. ANSWER: a 20. Pencil lead is composed of pure carbon, and pencil lead is very cheap. Diamonds, like pencil lead, are composed of pure carbon. Therefore, probably diamonds are very cheap. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, sound. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: e 21. George is an egotist. Therefore, he has an inflated impression of his own importance. a. Inductive, weak. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, cogent. ANSWER: d 22. That billboard in the middle of the field says "Get the U.S. out of the U.N." From this it's clear that the United Nations is a bad organization. a. Deductive, valid. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, weak. d. Deductive, invalid. e. Inductive, strong. ANSWER: b 23. Some heart attacks are not fatal occurrences, and no strokes are heart attacks. Thus, some strokes are not fatal occurrences. a. Deductive, sound. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, weak. e. Deductive, valid. ANSWER: c 24. Figure A is a right triangle, and two of its sides have a length of 1 foot. Therefore, its area is 1/2 square foot. a. Inductive, strong. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Deductive, sound. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: d 25. More than 99% of all airplane flights land safely. Therefore, probably the next flight to depart from JFK International Airport will land safely. a. Deductive, valid. b. Inductive, strong. c. Inductive, weak. d. Deductive, invalid. e. Inductive, uncogent. ANSWER: b 26. Radio show host Frank Weltner, who is a neo-Nazi white supremacist, says that all immigration from Mexico must stop immediately. Therefore, we must take Mr. Weltner at his word and call a halt to Mexican immigration. a. Deductive, unsound. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: e 27. If prisoners are discharged without any skills, then they will return to a life of crime. If prisoners are unable to get jobs, then they will return to a life of crime. Thus, if prisoners are discharged without any skills, then they will be unable to get jobs. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Deductive, valid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Inductive, cogent. e. Inductive, strong. ANSWER: a 28. According to a widely respected poll, 60% of the voters in Pennsylvania support Amelia Kerrigan for Governor. Therefore, Kerrigan will probably win, since the election is only two days away. a. Deductive, valid. b. Inductive, weak. c. Inductive, cogent. d. Inductive, strong. e. Deductive, invalid. ANSWER: d 29. All terrorist leaders are secluded megalomaniacs. No secluded megalomaniacs are lovers of humanity. Therefore, no terrorist leaders are lovers of humanity. a. Deductive, sound. b. Deductive, valid. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, strong. e. Inductive, weak. ANSWER: b 30. Ashley detests Isabel, and Isabel detests Francesca. Therefore, it necessarily follows that Ashley detests Francesca. a. Inductive, weak. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, uncogent. e. Deductive, valid. ANSWER: c 31. Frank is bringing flowers home to his wife. Apparently Frank is having an affair. a. Inductive, strong. b. Deductive, valid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Deductive, invalid. e. Deductive, unsound. ANSWER: c 32. On the inside surface of this gold ring some small print reads "14k." Therefore, the ring must be made of 14 caret gold. a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Inductive, strong. e. Inductive, cogent. ANSWER: d 33. Either Woodrow Wilson or Theodore Roosevelt promoted the formation of the League of Nations. But it wasn't Wilson. Therefore, Theodore Roosevelt promoted the formation of the League of Nations. a. Deductive, uncogent. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, strong. e. Deductive, valid. ANSWER: e 34. Mitzi the cat is looking at its empty bowl and meowing. Mitzi must be hungry. a. Inductive, strong. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, weak. e. Inductive, cogent. ANSWER: a INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for each multiple choice question. 35. Which of the following are all nonarguments? a. Expository passages, illustrations, predictions. b. Generalizations, expository passages, opinions. c. Predictions, syllogisms, warnings. d. Conditional statements, illustrations, causal inferences. e. Illustrations, explanations, pieces of advice. ANSWER: e 36. Which of the following are all inductive arguments? a. Arguments based on signs, hypothetical syllogisms, predictions. b. Generalizations, causal inferences, arguments from analogy. c. Arguments based on signs, arguments from authority, arguments from definition. d. Arguments from definition, disjunctive syllogisms, categorical syllogisms. e. Categorical syllogisms, arguments from authority, causal inferences. ANSWER: b 37. Which of the following are all conclusion indicators? a. For this reason, may be inferred from, seeing that. b. Hence, since, as indicated by. c. Accordingly, thus, it must be that. d. We may conclude, it follows that, given that. e. Wherefore, because, implies that. ANSWER: c 38. In the expression, "Barack Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize because he was perceived as being committed to the resolution of international conflicts through diplomacy and not warfare," the statement "Barack Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize" is called the: a. Explanandum. b. Conclusion. c. Antecedent. d. Explanans. e. Consequent. ANSWER: a 39. In the expression "If corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries, then investors are cheated," the statement "Corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries" is called the: a. Conditional. b. Premise. c. Consequent. d. Explanans. e. Antecedent. ANSWER: e 40. An argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect is: a. A sound argument. b. A strong argument. c. A cogent argument. d. An inductive argument. e. A deductive argument. ANSWER: d 41. An argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future is: a. A valid argument. b. An inductive argument. c. A strong argument. d. A deductive argument. e. A cogent argument. ANSWER: b 42. If a deductive argument has one false premise and a true conclusion, then we know: a. The argument is invalid. b. The argument is valid. c. Nothing as such about the argument's validity. d. The argument is sound. e. The argument is uncogent. ANSWER: c 43. Which of the following is a sufficient condition for being a dog? a. Having a tail. b. Weighing at least 30 pounds. c. Being an animal. d. Being a collie. e. Having fur. ANSWER: d 44. Which of the following is a necessary condition for going ice skating? a. Wearing skates. b. Driving to the ice rink. c. Having the skates sharpened. d. Falling down on the ice. e. Tracing a figure 8 in the ice. ANSWER: a INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to the counterexample method. 45. PART A No symbols of equality are threats to civil order, for no gay marriages are threats to civil order, and all gay marriages are symbols of equality. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. No S are T. b. No G are T. c. All G are S. No G are T. All G are S. No S are T. All G are S. No S are T. No G are T. d. If G then T. e. All S are G. If G then S. No G are T. If S then T. No S are T. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. S = mammals, T = fish, G = dogs. b. S = cats, T = fish, G = mammals. c. G = cats, S= mammals, T = fish. d. T = humble spirits, S = adventurous characters, G = creative individuals. e. G = dogs, T = cats, S = animals. ANSWER: Part A: b Part B: e 46. PART A If charter schools are expanded, then education will improve, so charter schools will be expanded, because education will improve. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. C b. If C then E. c. If C then E. E C E If C then E. E C d. All C are E. e. If C then E. E If E then F. C If C then F. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. C = Johnny Depp is a man, E = Johnny Depp is a human. b. C = George Washington was assassinated, E = George Washington is dead. c. C = Cathy Smith was assassinated, E = Cathy Smith is dead. d. C = mammals, E = animals. e. C = George Washington is dead, E = Abraham Lincoln is dead. ANSWER: Part A: c Part B: b 47. PART A Some attorneys are litigators, so some attorneys are skillful litigators, since some attorneys are skillful. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. Some A are S. b. Some A are SL. c. Some A are S. Some A are L. Some A are L. Some A are SL. Some A are SL. Some A are S. Some A are L. d. Some A are not S. e. Some A are L. Some A are not L. Some A are not S. Some A are not SL. Some A are SL. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. A = doctors, S = highly trained, L = specialists. b. A = women, S = caring, L = parents. c. A = fruits, S = yellow, L = lemons. d. A = people, S = intelligent, L = morons. e. A = cars, S = large, L = sedans. ANSWER: Part A: a Part B: d 1. Which of the following statements has primarily cognitive meaning? a. Most TV shows are boring. b. These orchids are gorgeous. c. I hate turnips. d. Big business can't be trusted. e. The capital of Nevada is Carson City. ANSWER: e 2. Which of the following statements expresses a value claim? a. Fred inherited a large amount of money from his uncle. b. Jane had lunch with her niece today. c. The tensile strength of steel is greater than that of copper. d. Professor Thompson is a great instructor. e. Among the states, California has the largest number of electoral votes. ANSWER: d 3. Which of the following statements is vague? a. The Mariners defeated the Yankees by a score of 4 to 2. b. Mrs. Adams is really quite young. c. World War I was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. d. Dr. Kendrick is a large feline veterinarian. e. Fido has never had a rabies shot. ANSWER: b 4. Which of the following statements is ambiguous? a. Paul watched Kathy throw a ball through the window. b. Poverty is rampant in third world nations. c. Bill's attitudes are normal for a teenager. d. Most film stars are either beautiful or handsome. e. Lawrence worked on his project throughout the evening. ANSWER: a 5. The following dispute: Margie: Our friend Ann just got a new puppy. Adam: I'm afraid you're wrong. What she got was a kitten. is best described as: a. Verbal arising from ambiguity. b. Contentious. c. Factual. d. Friendly. e. Verbal arising from vagueness. ANSWER: c 6. Which of the following words is a term? a. Mostly a failure. b. Highly dedicated. c. Nobel prizes. d. Extremely nice. e. Above the top shelf. ANSWER: c 7. "Extension" means roughly the same thing as: a. Corporeality. b. Sense. c. Connotation. d. Denotation. e. Conventional connotation. ANSWER: d 8. Which of the following are all denoted by the term "corporation"? a. Gillette, Oracle, Pfizer, Boeing. b. Directors, officers, shareholders, employees. c. Razors, software, drugs, airplanes. d. Bankers, brewers, camera makers, real estate developers. e. Large, impersonal, powerful, wealthy. ANSWER: a 9. Which of the following are all connoted by the term "baseball player"? a. Yankees, Cubs, Red Sox, Cardinals. b. Babe Ruth, Frank Robinson, Ty Cobb, Stan Musial. c. Pitcher, catcher, first baseman, shortstop. d. New York, Chicago, Boston, St. Louis. e. Athletic, cap-wearing, skillful, speedy. ANSWER: e 10. Which of the following pairs of terms have the same extension? a. Actor, actress. b. Elf, gnome. c. Football player, linebacker. d. Professor, instructor. e. Kansas, Nebraska. ANSWER: b 11. Which of the following groups of terms are in the order of increasing intension? a. Shasta daisy, daisy, flower, plant. b. Daisy, flower, plant, Shasta daisy. c. Flower, plant, daisy, Shasta daisy. d. Plant, flower, daisy, Shasta daisy. e. Shasta daisy, flower, plant daisy. ANSWER: d 12. Which of the following groups of terms are in the order of increasing extension? a. Rainbow trout, trout, fish, animal. b. Fish, trout, animal, rainbow trout. c. Animal, fish, trout, rainbow trout. d. Rainbow trout, fish, trout, animal. e. Fish, trout, rainbow trout, animal. ANSWER: a 13. Which of the following is always an intensional definition? a. Persuasive definition. b. Demonstrative definition. c. Definition by genus and difference. d. Enumerative definition. e. Stipulative definition. ANSWER: c 14. Which of the following is always an extensional definition? a. Theoretical definition. b. Enumerative definition. c. Etymological definition. d. Synonymous definition. e. Precising definition. ANSWER: b 15. In the definition "'Fund' means a deposit of money used as a resource or security" the definiens is: a. Deposit. b. Deposit of money. c. Fund. d. Used as a resource or security. e. A deposit of money used as a resource or security. ANSWER: e 16. In the definition "'Captain' means a person having authority over and responsibility for a group or unit" the definiendum is: a. Authority. b. Captain. c. A person having authority over and responsibility for a group or unit. d. Responsibility for a group or unit. e. Person. ANSWER: b 17. The definition "'Singer' means someone such as Justin Timberlake, Beyoncé Knowles, Christina Aguilera, and Mariah Carey" is an example of: a. A demonstrative definition. b. A stipulative definition. c. An enumerative definition. d. A precising definition. e. A definition by subclass. ANSWER: c 18. The definition "'Lawyer' means a humanitarian who selflessly comes to the rescue of fellow citizens unjustly threatened with the loss of life, liberty or property" is an example of: a. A precising definition. b. A theoretical definition. c. A persuasive definition. d. A lexical definition. e. A definition by subclass. ANSWER: c 19. The definition "'Gravity' means an attractive force that exists between all material particles and varies inversely with the square of the distance between them" is an example of: a. A demonstrative definition. b. An operational definition. c. An enumerative definition. d. A theoretical definition. e. An etymological definition. ANSWER: d 20. The definition "'Case' means (1) a set of circumstances, (2) a lawsuit, (3) a box for holding something" is an example of: a. A lexical definition. b. An enumerative definition. c. A demonstrative definition. d. A precising definition. e. A definition by subclass. ANSWER: a 21. The definition "'Hot' means, in relation to bath water, having a temperature of 105° F" is an example of: a. A synonymous definition. b. An etymological definition. c. A theoretical definition. d. A precising definition. e. A stipulative definition. ANSWER: d 22. The definition “‘Monster moo’ means milk produced by genetically engineered cows” is an example of: a. A persuasive definition. b. A precising definition. c. A definition by subclass. d. A lexical definition. e. A stipulative definition. ANSWER: e 23. The definition "'Gyrate' derives from the Greek work gyros, which means round or curved" is an example of: a. An operational definition. b. An etymological definition. c. A definition by genus and difference. d. An enumerative definition. e. A stipulative definition. ANSWER: b 24. The definition "'Filly' means a young female horse" is an example of: a. A stipulative definition. b. A definition by genus and difference. c. A synonymous definition. d. A definition by subclass. e. A demonstrative definition. ANSWER: b 25. The definition "'Dog' means that and that and that" (as you point to a number of dogs) is an example of: a. An enumerative definition. b. A definition by genus and difference. c. A lexical definition. d. A precising definition. e. A demonstrative definition. ANSWER: e 26. The definition "'Hardboiled' means, in reference to an egg, that it spins rapidly when twirled on a flat surface" is an example of: a. A precising definition. b. A demonstrative definition. c. An etymological definition. d. An operational definition. e. A definition by genus and difference. ANSWER: d 27. The definition "'Heinous' means wicked" is an example of: a. A precising definition. b. A theoretical definition. c. A synonymous definition. d. A definition by genus and difference. e. A definition by subclass. ANSWER: c 28. The definition "'Vehicle' means a car, truck, motorcycle, bus, and so on" is an example of: a. A theoretical definition. b. A definition by subclass. c. A circular definition. d. A definition by genus and difference. e. An enumerative definition. ANSWER: b Definition 1I 29. In the definition, "'Toad' means a tailless leaping amphibian that feeds on insects and is usually terrestrial but lays its eggs in water," the genus term is: a. Amphibian. b. Water. c. Toad. d. Insects. e. Usually terrestrial. ANSWER: a 30. In the definition “ ‘Optimist’ means a person who is hopeful and confident about the future” the species term is: a. Person. b. Future. c. Optimist. d. Hopeful. e. Confident. ANSWER: c 31. In the definition “‘Fjord’ means a narrow inlet of sea water with steep sides carved by glaciers” the difference words include (among others): a. Fjord, inlet. b. Inlet, steep sides carved by glaciers. c. Inlet, carved by glaciers. d. Fjord, sea water. e. Narrow, carved by glaciers. ANSWER: e 32. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Relevant' means not being irrelevant" may be criticized as being: a. Negative. b. Vague. c. Too broad. d. Ambiguous. e. Too narrow. ANSWER: a 33. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Star' means a speck of light up above" may be criticized as: a. Being affective. b. Being vague. c. Being ambiguous. d. Being operational. e. Being negative. ANSWER: b 34. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Democrat' means a person who believes that every citizen counts for something" may be criticized as: a. Being vague. b. Being negative. c. Being ambiguous. d. Being figurative. e. Being affective. ANSWER: e 35. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Tooth paste' means paste for teeth" may be criticized as: a. Being ambiguous. b. Being obscure. c. Being too broad. d. Being circular. e. Being affective. ANSWER: d 36. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Knife' means a thin, narrow, rigid piece of steel, often pointed at one end, and having a wood, metal, or hard plastic handle on the other end" may be criticized as: a. Being figurative. b. Being obscure. c. Failing to convey the essential meaning of the word being defined. d. Being negative. e. Being ambiguous. ANSWER: c 37. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Pillow' means a cushion filled with feathers" may be criticized as: a. Being obscure. b. Being affective. c. Being ambiguous. d. Being figurative. e. Being too narrow. ANSWER: e 38. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Soap' means water soluble sodium palmitate" may be criticized as: a. Being ambiguous. b. Being obscure. c. Being too broad. d. Failing to convey the essential meaning of the word being defined. e. Being vague. ANSWER: b 39. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Magnolia' means a flowering tree" may be criticized as: a. Being too broad. b. Being negative. c. Being too narrow. d. Being figurative. e. Being obscure. ANSWER: a 40. As a lexical definition, the definition "'Religion' means the opiate of the masses" may be criticized as: a. Being negative. b. Being ambiguous. c. Being figurative. d. Being obscure. e. Being circular. ANSWER: c INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answer for each argument. 1. Clearly the moral standards of our youth have decayed. Two doctors at Central Hospital appeared recently on a talk show, and both were convinced that the youth of today have no morals at all. a. Argument against the person, abusive. b. Hasty generalization. c. Weak analogy. d. Appeal to unqualified authority. e. Missing the point. ANSWER: d 2. Smith, Adams, and Harris all outlived their wives, and their wives were younger than they were. It must be the case that men outlive women these days. a. False cause. b. Accident. c. Weak analogy. d. No fallacy. e. Hasty generalization. ANSWER: e 3. A spokesman for the government has argued that our insistence on a twelve percent increase in pay for steel workers is inflationary. But the government's own actions are far more inflationary than ours. The government just gave a fifteen percent increase to every single employee of the giant federal bureaucracy. a. Tu quoque (you, too). b. Argument against the person, circumstantial. c. Appeal to ignorance. d. Straw man. e. Hasty generalization. ANSWER: a 4. No fish are mammals. Therefore, no mammals are fish. a. Equivocation. b. Begging the question. c. No fallacy. d. Missing the point. e. Accident. ANSWER: c 5. Gold Medallion wine is the finest wine in the United States. This is true because it's preferred by more people of discriminating taste. Furthermore, we know that it's preferred by more people of discriminating taste because it's the finest wine in the United States. a. Suppressed evidence. b. Slippery slope. c. Missing the point. d. False cause. e. Begging the question. ANSWER: e 6. Twenty percent of the women attending Ponderosa College are beautiful. Since Charlotte attends Ponderosa College, it follows that twenty percent of her is beautiful. a. Hasty generalization. b. Division. c. Amphiboly. d. Composition. e. Accident. ANSWER: b 7. Aspirin is a drug that relieves pain, and it is appropriately purchased over the counter. Morphine, like aspirin, is a drug that relieves pain. Therefore, it would be appropriate that morphine be available over the counter. a. Weak analogy. b. Appeal to pity. c. Appeal to ignorance. d. No fallacy. e. Appeal to unqualified authority. ANSWER: a 8. You have been rather outspoken lately in your criticism of the administration; but I am sure that you will want to keep your mouth shut in the future, because several of those who have been critical in the past have now lost their jobs. a. Tu quoque (you, too). b. Argument against the person, abusive. c. Red herring. d. Complex question. e. Appeal to force. ANSWER: e 9. Dog owners have asked that they be allowed to bring their pets to the beach. This request will have to be denied. If dogs are allowed on the beach, then soon we will have horses and cows. Before long there will be sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens. All that potential food will attract the owners of jaguars, lions, and tigers. In the end, the beach will be a war zone. a. False dichotomy. b. Suppressed evidence. c. Begging the question. d. Slippery slope. e. Composition. ANSWER: d 10. Every patch in this patchwork quilt is some shade of green. Therefore, the entire quilt is green. a. Division. b. No fallacy. c. Accident. d. Composition. e. False cause. ANSWER: b 11. Either you send