CIE • Biology

The document begins by discussing the basic building blocks of biological molecules, which include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water. It then goes on to provide detailed information about each of these types of molecules, including their chemical structures, properties, and functions in living organisms. The section on carbohydrates covers topics such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, and their roles in energy storage and structural support. The section on lipid...

The document covers AS level biology chapter 4 Cell Membrane and Transport. The notes are brief and easy to learn containing all the necessary concepts which one can use to enhance his grasp on the topic.

The immune system, Phagocytes: Origin & Mode of Action, Neutrophils,Macrophages, Antigens, Primary Immune Response, B-lymphocytes, T- lymphocytes, Memory cells & Long term immunity, Primary immune response:, Secondary immune response:, Antibodies and Vaccination, Antibodies and Vaccination, Structure of antibodies, Function, The hybridoma method,Uses of monoclonal antibodies, Therapeutic uses of monoclonal antibodies:, Active immunity:, Passive immunity:, How vaccines work:, Live attenuated va...

INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Common Pathogens & Their Diseases, Cholera, malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, ANTIBIOTICS, Penicillin, How penicillin affects bacteria, Resistance to antibiotics: an outline, Vertical transmission, Horizontal transmission, Consequences of antibiotic resistance, Reducing antibiotic resistance & its impact. This contains extensive information that got me an A in paper 1 and paper 2.

THE HUMAN GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM, Distribution of Tissues in the Gas exchange system, Gas exchange processes, Features of the alveoli:, Structure & functions. This contains extensive information that got me an A in paper 1 and paper 2.

Transport Mechanisms, Closed Double circulatory system, Open & closed systems, Main blood vessels, Arteries, Capillaries, Veins, Muscular artery, Elastic artery, Vein, Capillary, Cells of the blood, Monocytes:, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Role of water in blood and tissue fluid:Blood tissue fluid and lymph, Tissue fluid formation, Formation of lymph:, TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDe, THE HEART. This contains extensive information that got me an A in paper 1 and paper 2.

Structure of Transport Tissues, Transport systems, Xylem,Phloem, Phloem structure and function, Phloem sieve tube elements structure & function table, Phloem companion cells structure & function table. This contains extensive information that got me an A in paper 1 and paper 2.

STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND REPLICATION OF DNA,ATP, Purines & Pyrimidines:, DNA Structure, Hydrogen bonding,Semi conservative DNA replication, DNA Polymerase, Leading and lagging strands, RNA structure, Protein Synthesis,Transcription, Translation, Template and non template strands, Post transcriptional modification,Gene Mutations and the effect on polypeptides, Insertion of nucleotides, Deletion of nucleotides, Substitution of nucleotides:, The effect of gene mutations on polypeptides.

Replication and division of nuclei and cells, Chromosome structure, The importance of Mitosis, Cell Cycle: Chromosome components, Telomeres, Stem cells,Multipotent adult stem cells, Cancer, Chromosomes behaviour in mitosis, Stages of mitosis, Mitosis in root tips. This contains extensive information that got me an A in paper 1 and paper 2.

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL, Features of the fluid mosaic model, Features of the fluid mosaic model:, Cell signalling:, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION IN PLANTS, OSMOSIS IN PLANTS, DIFFUSION USING VISKING TUBING, AGAR CHANGING SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO DIFFUSION, SURFACE AREA : VOLUMES, SURFACE AREA WITH AGAR, ESTIMATING WATER POTENTIAL IN PLANT TISSUE, OSMOSIS IN PLANT CELLS, OSMOSIS IN ANIMAL CELLS. This is an extensive summary that got me an A in paper 1 and an A in paper 2.