Summary A Level OCR PE revision notes - Sports Psychology

Personality

Answer: the patterns or thoughts and feeling as wells as the way we interact with our environment which makes us unique.

Factors of personality formation

Answer: 1. Genetics 2. Past experiences 3. Nature of the situation. 4. Personal free-will

Trait theory of personality

Answer: personality is determined by our genetics, traits are stable, enduring and predictable. Pros – behaviours can be predictable and enduring. Cons – doesn’t consider the environment therefore behaviour is not always predictable.

Social learning theory of personality

Answer: personality is determined by our environment, traits are formed by those around us. Pros – It is true, bobo doll experiement reinforces theory. Cons – too simplistic, if true we would all be like our role models, twins can have completely different personalities.

Interactionist theory of learning

Answer: mixture of trait and social learning theories, behaviours can be innate and predictable but can be modified in certain environments. Pros – most accurate theory to date, considers both theories of personalities.

Properties of a group

Answer: 1. Common goal. 2. Communication. 3. Unity. 4. Shared identity.

Team cohesion

Answer: How well a team sticks together

4 Stages of group formation

Answer: 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing

Forming

Answer: 1st stage - dependence on the leader, roles are unclear, getting to know each other and little cohesion between the group.

Storming

Answer: 1. 2nd stage – period of conflict for roles, 2. cliques often form, 3. leader still makes most of the decisions and there are a few more clear roles in the group but still not many.

Aims of goal setting

Answer: 1. Directs the attention of the performer. 2. Increased effort of performer. 3. Increased motivation to try and achieve their goal(s). 4. Promotes learning new skills.

SMART principle

Answer: Specific Measurable Achievable Recorded Timed

Specific

Answer: the goal must be related to the sport as well as the sport e.g. to improve serving accuracy in tennis singles.

Measurable

Answer: the goal must be assessable and monitored e.g. football drill will give a max of 20 shots.

Achievable

Answer: the goal must be within the performer’s capabilities e.g. 18 out of 20 tennis first serves in a row for a pro ATP player.

Attributions

Answer: the reasons or excuses for a successful or unsuccessful outcome in sport.

Weiner\'s model of attribution

Answer: 1. Ability is an internal, stable and uncontrollable attribution e.g. At the weekend we were way too strong for the opposition. 2. Task difficulty is an external, stable and controllable/uncontrollable attribution e.g. the opposition were bottom of the league. 3. Effort is an internal, unstable and uncontrollable attribution e.g. we trained for several days and gave it our all. 4. Luck is an external, unstable and uncontrollable attribution e.g. we won because of the referees decisions.

Locus of causality

Answer: refers to whether the attributions come from, internal is from within the performer and external is the environment.

Locus of controllability

Answer: an additional locus added in by Weiner, this locus refers to whether the performer can control these attributions or not.

Locus of stability

Answer: refers to whether the attributions are changeable or not, stable is unchangeable and unstable is changeable.

Sports confidence (SC)

Answer: general belief an individual has to be successful in sport.

Self-efficacy

Answer: self-confidence in specific situations.

Self-esteem

Answer: feeling of self worth.

Effect of sports confidence on performance in sport

Answer: Low sports confidence = weaker performance more likely. High sports confidence = stronger performance more likely.

Effect of sports confidence on participation in sport

Answer: Low sports confidence = less likely to participate in sport. High sports confidence = more likely to participate in sport.

Examples of leaders in sport

Answer: 1. Captain. 2. Coach. 3. Managers. 4. Directors. 5. Physios. 6. Team psychologists

Effective leadership qualities

Answer: 1. Good communication skills. 2. Flexible leading. 3. Motivated. 4. Enthuastic. 5. Empathetic. 6. Good at sport. 7. Knowledgable. 8. Organised. 9. Respected.

Types of leaders in tennis

Answer: 1. Emergent 2. Prescribed

Emergent leaders

Answer: Comes from within the group e.g. player is voted to be captain by the group.

Pros of emergent leaders

Answer: 1. More accepted by the group. 2. They know the team better. 3. More approachable

Stress

Answer: Psychological state where physiological and psychological forces overwhelm our sense of well being.

Impacts of stress

Answer: 1. Hormone - increased release of cortisol 2. Adrenaline - increased release of adrenaline = increased heart rate, blood pressure and energy. 3. Long term - increased risk of stroke or heart attack 4. Performance - stress tends to increase arousal therefore performance can be aided for hindered.

Concept of stress

Answer: 1. Stressors - environmental changes that occur to trigger stress response 2. Stress response - physical changes due to stress 3. Stress experience - way we perceive the situation as a whole

Causes of stress

Answer: 1. Frustration - feeling that a performer is unable to reach their goal because of poor performance. 2. Competition - if they need to win, stress levels rise to win 3. Conflict - personal problems on and off the pitch can interfere with other day to day tasks 4. Climate - too cold or hot conditions can put body under greater stress to perform.

Cognitive stress management techniques

Answer: 1. Mental rehearsal 2. Imagery 3. Rational thinking 4. Positive self-talk 5. Negative thought stopping 6. Mindfulness 7. Goal setting