OCR A level PE revision notes - Applied Anatomy and Physiology

State 6 components of a joint

Answer: Bursa Tendon Ligament Muscle Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Joint capsule Synovial fluid

Describe the 3 planes of movement using a practical example for each plane.

Answer: Frontal plane – divides the body into front and back e.g. a cartwheel takes place in the frontal plane. Sagittal plane – divides the body into left and right e.g. a bicep curl takes place in the sagittal plane. Transverse – divides the body into top and bottom e.g. a cricket bowl takes place in the transverse plane.

Describe the 5 types of joints and give an example for each.

Answer: Hinge – joint is shaped like a hinge and can only flex and extend e.g. the elbow and knee joint. Ball and socket – joint is shaped like a ball and a socket, range of movement is large e.g. shoulder and hip joint. Pivot – round bone and ring shaped bone articulate each other, only allows rotation in one plane e.g. radio-ulnar joint. Condyloid – similar to ball and socket but with flatter bone surfaces therefore it only has movement in two planes e.g. wrist joint. Gliding – flat surfaced bones which slide past one another e.g. the spine.

Describe 4 movements that take place in the sagittal plane

Answer: Flexion – the angle of the joint decreases (front). Extension – the angle of the join decreases (back). Dorsi flexion – ankle joint angle decreases, pointing the toes upwards. Plantar flexion – ankle joint angle increases, pointing the toes downwards.

Describe the 2 movements that take place in the frontal plane

Answer: Abduction – movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. Adduction – movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.

Describe pulmonary circulation

Answer: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Describe systemic circulation

Answer: pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Describe the flow of blood around the pulmonary circuit

Answer: Vena cava to right atrium to right ventricle (via tricupsid valve) to pulmonary artery (via pulmonary semi-lunar valve) to lungs.

Describe the flow of blood around the systemic circuit

Answer: Left atrium to bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aorta (via aortic semi-lunar valve) to body.

Describe the conduction system of the heart

Answer: The heart is myogenic, this means that it can generate its own impulse. 1. The SA node located in the aorta generates the impulse acting as a pacemaker. 2. The AV node delays the impulse for 0.1 seconds so that the ventricles can fill with blood. The impulse is then fired to the Bundle of His. 3. The Bundle of His located in the septum of the heart splits the impulse into two. 4. The bundle branches distribute the impulse to each ventricle base. 5. The Purkinje fibres fire the impulse at the ventricle walls causing them to contract. 6. This is one cardiac cycle.

Describe the pathway of air

Answer: Mouth/nose to Pharynx to Larynx to Trachea to Bronchi to Bronchioles to Alveoli to Lungs

Give respiratory values for trained and untrained performers at rest and during maximal exercise (give for Breathing rate (BR), Tidal volume (TV)and Minute ventilation (ME)).

Answer: Trained at rest BR = 11-12bpm TV = 0.5L ME = 5.5-6L/min Trained during maximal exercise BR = 50-60bpm TV = 3-3.5L ME = 160-210L/min Untrained at rest BR = 12-15bpm TV = 0.5L ME = 6-7.5L/min Untrained during maximal exercise BR = 40-50bpm TV = 2.5-3L ME = 100-150L/min

Describe breathing rate and give the units

Answer: number of breaths inspired or expired per minute, measured in breaths per minute (bpm)

Describe Tidal volume

Answer: volume of air inspired or expired per breath, measured in litres (L) or millilitres (ml).

Describe Minute ventilation

Answer: Volume of air expired or inspired per minute, measured in Litres pr minute (L/min).

Define energy

Answer: capacity to work and perform

Describe ATP

Answer: Adenosine Triphosphate, food is metabolised into ATP.

What is ATP broken down by and into?

Answer: ATP is broken down by ATPase into ADP + Pi + energy (exothermic reaction)

Describe the resynthesis of ATP

Answer: ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

State the 3 energy systems

Answer: ATP-PC system, Glycolytic system and the aerobic system.

Define EPOC

Answer: (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption) - volume of oxygen required to return post-exercise body conditions to pre-exercise body conditions.

Describe the processes of the fast component of EPOC

Answer: 1. Replenishment of AT and PC stores, 2. Restoration of myoglobin and oxygen stores.

Describe the duration of the fast component of EPOC

Answer: 3 mins, 30 seconds = half of PC stores replenished.

How much oxygen is used for the fast component of EPOC? (L)

Answer: 1-4L

Describe the processes of the slow component of EPOC

Answer: 1. Elevated circulation, ventilation and body temperature, 2. Removal of lactic acid.

Define Altitude

Answer: An area above sea level in height e.g. mountains.

Define hypoxia

Answer: condition where oxygen is deprived.

Define hyperoxia

Answer: condition where oxygen is of excess supply

Define acclimatisation

Answer: The process of adapting to a new environment

Describe the early effects of altitude training on the CV system

Answer: 1. Oxygen is more costly. 2. Less oxygen transport.

Define Hypothermia

Answer: significantly lowered core body temperature

Define hyperthermia

Answer: significantly raised core body temperature

Define thermoregulation

Answer: the regulation of core body temperature

Define dehydration

Answer: lack of water in body tissues, usually caused by sweating or lack of fluid intake.

What is the Hypothalamus

Answer: region of the brain which is responsible for controlling body temperature.