, NATURE V5 NURTURE
•
genetically determined = nature .
environment / experiences = nur ture
EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE
•
genes that influence development also depend on the environment to determine how they are expressed
genome project there were few genes complexity of humans influences
•
human comparison to the environment has a role in causing
in
significant various
- -
of genes to be switched on and off by experiences
'
there are two primary forces that control development :
→ contained within the
genetic instructions encoded in our DNA which tells molecules how to form and organize themselves to build our bodies
→ instructions unfold within an environment that is constantly changing and so all development also has some external component
•
probabilities interactions of genes and
epigenetics is
genetically specified in terms of environmental
-
PRENATILITY PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
'
the prenatal stage ends with bir th . the fertilized egg is called a zygote
sperm and
-
'
conception , many sperm have defects cell contains 23 chromosomes that contain
begins with or
get stuck and some egg genes
make a
wrong turn and end up in a fallopian tube that does not contain an
egg
-
some sperm carry ✗ or
y chromosomes y= male ✗ =
female
'
•
200 find the
right tube and
get close
enough
to the
egg
to release digestive germinal stage :
one -
celled zygote begins to divide . the zygote
enzymes that erode the down fallopian tube and implant es
eggs protective layer migrates on uterine wall
.
once one sperm penetrates the
coating ,
the
egg releases a chemical that .
embryonic stage : the zygote continues to divide and its cells begin
seats the
coating and keeps all the remaining sperm from entering differentiate that then become disk
to into blastocyst embryonic
-
the nuclei from the sperm and egg merge and the prenatal development starts → endoderm (
organs) ,
mesoderm (skeletal) and ectoderm (nervous)
•
✗ and Y chromo so produce testosterone -
males are specialized forms of females
PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT the has a skeleton and muscles , digestive and resp Hory systems
-
fetal stage
•
the placenta is the organ that physically links the blood streams of the mother to
BUILDING A BRAIN
portion of the ectoderm folds the
'
the embryo / fetus which permits the exchange of materials brain form early on as a over to become neural tube the forebrain and
•
foods eaten during pregnancy can affect fetal development -
food deprivation = midbrain emerge at one end while the other end becomes the spinal cord
→ neuro
caused physical and psychological problems genius : cells in neural tube begin dividing to produce neural cells
'
-
fetal alcohol syndrome effects shape and within the neural tube , the neural cells migrate to the central nervous system
many subcortical structures (sensory functioning)
'
size of head and structures of the brain , are more mature around bir th vs cortical structures
impaired cog development and lowered academic achievement
POSTNATAL LIFE
→ is more vulnerable to than the fetus prenatal influences development :
embryo teratogens on
can hear sounds and nutrition
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER BIRTH
stimulation teratogens
'
. the developing fetus can sense - .
anxiety .
connecting up through three major generative processes :
'
become familiar with those it hears often . mothers age / general health cortical cells star t
' 2 3
ar bon 2 ation Syriaptosis myelination
→
picked up on the prosody ' disease
-
processes of growth do not occur at the same time :
myelination of the cortex
BRAIN PUTTY
continues into adulthood
the cortex lead to an
.
•
newborns brain is only 25% of its adult size because . . .
these generative processes in overproduction of neuronal
→ has connections -70% of synaptic connectivity eliminated synaptic pruning
tripped in size over the process of evolution and bigger is in
brains =
bigger heads but too big and they would not pass the mothers birth canal
→ arrive with brains that do developing within the environments that they will function
→ capacity to learn requires flexibility in the brain that has to encode new information :
plasticity
•
there are two types of plasticity :
→ experience dependant : more flexible in
adapting to the circumstances that may emerge within a
gem
-
→ experience -
expectant : expect cer tain information from the environment that is recurrent from one
to another
gen
THE SCIENCE OF STUDYING CHANGE
CHANGING PATTERNS
'
significant transition of qualitative changes suggest that significantly different mechanisms are operating whereas gradual increases on a
regular
basis suggest the same mechanisms are
being used more effectentry
-
developmental change is rarely smooth or linear but undergoes periods of stability and instability
•
genetically determined = nature .
environment / experiences = nur ture
EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE
•
genes that influence development also depend on the environment to determine how they are expressed
genome project there were few genes complexity of humans influences
•
human comparison to the environment has a role in causing
in
significant various
- -
of genes to be switched on and off by experiences
'
there are two primary forces that control development :
→ contained within the
genetic instructions encoded in our DNA which tells molecules how to form and organize themselves to build our bodies
→ instructions unfold within an environment that is constantly changing and so all development also has some external component
•
probabilities interactions of genes and
epigenetics is
genetically specified in terms of environmental
-
PRENATILITY PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
'
the prenatal stage ends with bir th . the fertilized egg is called a zygote
sperm and
-
'
conception , many sperm have defects cell contains 23 chromosomes that contain
begins with or
get stuck and some egg genes
make a
wrong turn and end up in a fallopian tube that does not contain an
egg
-
some sperm carry ✗ or
y chromosomes y= male ✗ =
female
'
•
200 find the
right tube and
get close
enough
to the
egg
to release digestive germinal stage :
one -
celled zygote begins to divide . the zygote
enzymes that erode the down fallopian tube and implant es
eggs protective layer migrates on uterine wall
.
once one sperm penetrates the
coating ,
the
egg releases a chemical that .
embryonic stage : the zygote continues to divide and its cells begin
seats the
coating and keeps all the remaining sperm from entering differentiate that then become disk
to into blastocyst embryonic
-
the nuclei from the sperm and egg merge and the prenatal development starts → endoderm (
organs) ,
mesoderm (skeletal) and ectoderm (nervous)
•
✗ and Y chromo so produce testosterone -
males are specialized forms of females
PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT the has a skeleton and muscles , digestive and resp Hory systems
-
fetal stage
•
the placenta is the organ that physically links the blood streams of the mother to
BUILDING A BRAIN
portion of the ectoderm folds the
'
the embryo / fetus which permits the exchange of materials brain form early on as a over to become neural tube the forebrain and
•
foods eaten during pregnancy can affect fetal development -
food deprivation = midbrain emerge at one end while the other end becomes the spinal cord
→ neuro
caused physical and psychological problems genius : cells in neural tube begin dividing to produce neural cells
'
-
fetal alcohol syndrome effects shape and within the neural tube , the neural cells migrate to the central nervous system
many subcortical structures (sensory functioning)
'
size of head and structures of the brain , are more mature around bir th vs cortical structures
impaired cog development and lowered academic achievement
POSTNATAL LIFE
→ is more vulnerable to than the fetus prenatal influences development :
embryo teratogens on
can hear sounds and nutrition
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER BIRTH
stimulation teratogens
'
. the developing fetus can sense - .
anxiety .
connecting up through three major generative processes :
'
become familiar with those it hears often . mothers age / general health cortical cells star t
' 2 3
ar bon 2 ation Syriaptosis myelination
→
picked up on the prosody ' disease
-
processes of growth do not occur at the same time :
myelination of the cortex
BRAIN PUTTY
continues into adulthood
the cortex lead to an
.
•
newborns brain is only 25% of its adult size because . . .
these generative processes in overproduction of neuronal
→ has connections -70% of synaptic connectivity eliminated synaptic pruning
tripped in size over the process of evolution and bigger is in
brains =
bigger heads but too big and they would not pass the mothers birth canal
→ arrive with brains that do developing within the environments that they will function
→ capacity to learn requires flexibility in the brain that has to encode new information :
plasticity
•
there are two types of plasticity :
→ experience dependant : more flexible in
adapting to the circumstances that may emerge within a
gem
-
→ experience -
expectant : expect cer tain information from the environment that is recurrent from one
to another
gen
THE SCIENCE OF STUDYING CHANGE
CHANGING PATTERNS
'
significant transition of qualitative changes suggest that significantly different mechanisms are operating whereas gradual increases on a
regular
basis suggest the same mechanisms are
being used more effectentry
-
developmental change is rarely smooth or linear but undergoes periods of stability and instability
