HISTORY TESTBANK (2021 latest update )

HISTORY TESTBANK CHAPTER 1 – THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION IDENTIFICATION QUESTIONS culture cuneiform Vedas Aryan Brahman Olmecs oracle bones pharaoh Sargon Harappa civilization Neolithic Revolution Book of the Dead Hittites Assyrians hieroglyphic Mandate of Heaven Code of Hammurabi MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Anthropologists designate early human cultures by their a. writing. c. tools. b. clothing. d. food. Answer: c Page: 6 Factual 2. The Paleolithic Age is characterized by a. domestication of animals. b. the beginning of agriculture. c. a hunting and gathering existence. d. d. the invention of writing. Answer: c Pages: 6-8 Conceptual 3. An examination of Paleolithic art and modern hunter-gatherer societies suggests that in the division of labor, women in the Paleolithic Age were mainly involved in a. gathering wild grain and berries. b. making tools. c. hunting and fishing. d. protecting the family with war skills. Answer: a Page: 8 Conceptual 4. The Neolithic Revolution is characterized by a. the development of urban-based civilizations. b. the domestication of animals and the start of agriculture. c. dependence on hunting and gathering techniques. d. the manufacture and use of iron tools. Answer: b Pages: 8-9 Conceptual 5. In which area did the earliest Neolithic societies appear? a. Near East c. India b. China d. Mexico Answer: a Page: 8 Factual 6. The development of writing first occurred during the a. Paleolithic Era. c. Bronze Age. b. Neolithic Era. d. Iron Age. Answer: c Pages: 11-12 Factual 7. The first metal developed to replace stone in the making of tools was a. bronze. c. aluminum. b. iron. d. tin. Answer: a Pages: 11-12 Factual 8. Which of the following shows the correct chronological sequence of historical eras? a. Neolithic, Bronze, Paleolithic, Iron b. Bronze, Iron, Paleolithic, Neolithic c. Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, Iron d. Paleolithic, Neolithic, Iron, Bronze Answer: c Pages: 6-26 Factual 9. Who developed the form of writing called cuneiform? a. the Assyrians c. the Babylonians b. the Egyptians d. the Sumerians Answer: d Page: 14 Factual 10. Recently, archaeologists have shown that large-scale irrigation in early civilizations in the Middle East a. led to the growth of urban life and centralized government. b. conflicted with the needs of early urban life. c. developed as a result of urbanism. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: c Page: 12 Conceptual 11. What does the Babylonian World Map shown in your text tell us about how Babylonians viewed their place in the world? a. They believed that the earth was round. b. They believed that their progress was inhibited by geographical barriers. c. They believed that their destinies were controlled by the gods. d. They believed that they were the most important civilization on earth. Answer: d Page: 16 Conceptual 12. Which group was the first to unify much of Mesopotamia and create a true empire? a. the Akkadians c. the Sumerians b. the Egyptians d. the Eridu Answer: a Page: 12 Factual 13. The first civilization was established in Mesopotamia by the a. Babylonians. c. Semites. b. Hebrews. d. Sumerians. Answer: d Page: 12 Factual 14. The Sumerians constructed lofty towers, perhaps symbolizing mountains, called a. pyramids. c. basilicas. b. ziggurats. d. temples. Answer: b Pages: 16-17 Factual 15. Mathematics could not develop until a. the Sumerian sexagesimal system was adopted. b. the time of Hammurabi, when mathematics developed alongside astronomy. c. an independent concept of number was established. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: c Pages: 14 Conceptual 16. The Epic of Gilgamesh includes the story of a. a hero-king’s search for eternal life. b. a young noble’s search for love. c. a great victory of the Egyptians over the Hittites. d. the travels of an ambassador through Mesopotamia. Answer: a Page: 18 Factual 17. According to the excerpt from the Code of Hammurabi, women in Babylonian society a. were primarily supposed to be good homemakers. b. were eligible to own their own businesses. c. were used as collateral for loans. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Pages: 15, 17 Conceptual 18. In the Sumerian religion, gods a. lived in fully equipped temples run like houses. b. did not resemble humans in their appearance or actions. c. represented emotional concepts such as evil, hope, or envy. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 15 Factual 19. The Babylonian story of the Flood has all of the following elements except a. the boat came to rest on top of a mountain. b. they sent off a dove, which returned, and a raven, which did not. c. the head of the expedition received immortality as a reward. d. they made an offering at the top of the mountain. Answer: c Page: 18 Factual 20. Looking at Map 1-3, what area or areas do you think were most likely to be fought over between the four Near Eastern empires around 1400 B.C.E.? a. the towns near the Mediterranean coast, such as Kadesh and Tyre b. the deserts of southern Arabia, especially near the Red Sea c. the islands near Greece, including Crete and Cyprus d. the mountainous plateaus of Armenia, with trade links to the east Answer: a Page: 25 Conceptual 21. Egyptian hieroglyphics were used for all of the following except a. business accounting. b. poetry. c. carving bones and shells. d. religious texts. Answer: c Page: 22 Factual 22. The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapsed amidst a. the invasion of the Hyksos from Western Asia. b. internal turmoil and political decentralization. c. the Exodus of Hebrew slaves. d. attacks by Nubian nomads who destroyed irrigation canals. Answer: b Page: 21 Factual 23. The New Kingdom was different from earlier periods of Egyptian history because a. Egypt was ruled by foreign-born pharaohs. b. Egypt shrank in size and was limited mainly to Upper Egypt. c. Egyptian rulers pursued foreign expansion and created a large empire. d. Egyptians abandoned their old gods for new ones from Greece. Answer: c Pages: 21-22 Factual 24. In ancient Egypt, maat was a. the legendary creator god who had blessed Egypt. b. the pharoah’s chief advisor. c. the highest virtue combining the ideas of truth, justice, and order. d. the name for all areas outside of Egypt. Answer: c Page: 20 Factual 25. What does the scene from the Book of the Dead shown in your text say about Egyptian views of the afterlife? a. The afterworld was a gloomy and dark place. b. The path to the afterlife was filled with trials and tests. c. Everyone passed into the afterlife forever. d. The gods of the dead resembled humans. Answer: b Page: 24 Conceptual 26. How was the worship of the god Aten (sun disc) different from customary religious practice in ancient Egypt? a. Aten was a universal creator God to be worshipped above all others. b. Aten took the form of a circle, or disc, with hand stretching out from it. c. Aten had a special relationship with the ruler Amunhotep IV and his wife Nefertiti. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 23 Conceptual 27. A significant difference between the early government of the Hittites and that of Mesopotamia was that a. the Hittite kings did not claim to represent the divine. b. succession to the Hittite throne had to be ratified by an assembled army. c. a council of nobles limited the Hittite king’s power. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 26 Conceptual 28. The Assyrians were famous for their a. fierce and well-disciplined military. b. delicate bronze and copper artwork. c. mathematical and astronomical skills. d. limitation on the power of their kings. Answer: a Page: 27 Conceptual 29. Compare Maps 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4. What geographical characteristics do all four of these earliest civilizations have in common? a. rivers, which provide fertile land for agriculture b. mountains, which provide natural barriers against invasion c. deserts, which provide isolation from hostile neighbors d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Pages: 6-29 Conceptual 30. The earliest literate, urban civilization in the Indus valley is known as a. Punjab. c. Harappan. b. Kashmir. d. Aryan. Answer: c Page: 28 Factual 31. According to the Hymn for Indra, water was important to Aryan civilization for all of the following reasons except a. control over the water was critical for political and military success. b. removing obstacles (such as dams) increased the fertility of the river valleys. c. drinking water from bowls was an essential part of ritual sacrifices. d. water symbolized masculinity and sexual reproduction. Answer: d Page: 34 Conceptual 32. Which of the following was not a contribution of the Aryans to Indian civilization? a. Sanskrit language b. the sacred Vedic literature c. sophisticated agricultural techniques d. the foundations of the caste system Answer: c Pages: 32-33 Factual 33. Not much is known about the Indus River Valley civilization because a. modern political upheaval hinders archaeological excavation. b. the culture was destroyed around 1800 B.C.E. c. they did not develop a system of writing. d. it disappeared before 1500 B.C.E. and its writing is still un-deciphered. Answer: d Page: 28 Factual 34. The Vedas contain the earliest beliefs of Hinduism and originated with a. Harrappan priests at Mohenjo-Daro. b. Davidian mystics who migrated from southern India. c. Aryans who moved into the Ganges area. d. Alexander the Great, who introduced Greek philosophy. Answer: c Page: 31 Factual 35. Looking at Map 1-6, which political and geographic features are typical of Iron Age China? a. China was a large, unified empire. b. China consisted of many independent kingdoms by the sea. c. China consisted of several independent kingdoms along rivers. d. China was a powerful state divided into many provinces. Answer: c Page: 35 Conceptual 36. Bronze Age China lacked the type of monumental architecture common in the ancient Near East because a. no stone is found in the area. b. the Chinese were technologically inferior. c. the Shang capital moved frequently. d. the Chinese lacked the manpower to erect such structures. Answer: c Page: 36 Factual 37. Which of the following was not a characteristic of Shang civilization? a. inscriptions on oracle bones b. use of iron weapons c. a rigidly stratified society d. a mastery of bronze technology Answer: b Pages: 36-37 Conceptual 38. What characterized the later phase of the Eastern Zhou (401-256 B.C.E.)? a. political fragmentation and frequent warfare between rival states b. the establishment of strong centralized authority c. the beginnings of a primitive democracy as indicated by evidence from religious texts d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 39 Conceptual 39. The religious endorsement for political rule in China was known as a. Mandate of Heaven. c. hegemony. b. Shi. d. Brahman. Answer: a Page: 38 Factual 40. The characters in Chinese writing represent a. sounds (a phonetic alphabet). b. ideas (an ideographic alphabet). c. words (a logographic alphabet). d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 38 Factual 41. In the Americas, relatively dense Neolithic settlements emerged in all of the following areas except a. the Great Plains. b. the Mississippi Valley. c. Puget Sound. d. Mesoamerica and South America. Answer: a Page: 41 Factual 42. The first society in the Andes to exert regional cultural influence was that of a. Monte Alban. c. Nazca. b. Chavin. d. Moche. Answer: b Page: 43 Conceptual 43. The most important staple food crop for early American cultures was a. potatoes. c. rice. b. maize. d. peppers. Answer: b Page: 41 Factual 44. Mesoamerica is located a. in modern Peru and parts of eastern South America. b. in modern Mexico and parts of Central America. c. in the modern United States between California and the Mississippi River. d. in modern Brazil near the Amazon River Basin. Answer: b Page: 44 Factual 45. The agricultural surplus necessary to emerging civilizations in the Andes valleys was based a. primarily on the cultivation of maize (corn). b. on a combination of agriculture and marine resources. c. on large-scale irrigation coordinated by a centralized government. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 44 Factual ESSAY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What influence did the Neolithic Revolution have upon the development of world civilization? What caused the primary changes between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic ages? What is the nature of the evidence we have for these changes? Conceptual 2. Why did cultural patterns of primitive societies change very slowly before written history? Why were these societies always on the move? What were the major economic activities of these societies and how did they relate to the natural world? Conceptual 3. Hammurabi's code reflected the Mesopotamian society of his time. Indicate the major features of this society as they are reflected in the code. What were the advantages and disadvantages of such a code? What do you think the average Babylonian citizen thought of the code? Conceptual 4. Beginning in the Paleolithic Age, a division of labor emerged between men and women. What were the typical responsibilities of women in the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and later ages? How did the different civilizations that emerged view the respective roles of men and women? Conceptual 5. Compare and contrast the Sumerian and Egyptian concepts of the afterlife. What aspects of their respective civilizations influenced the development of these religious views? Why did Akhenaten try to change Egyptian religion? Why did it fail? Conceptual 6. What were the major contributions of the small nations of the Middle East (i.e., Kassites, Hittites, etc.) to world civilization before the development of the Assyrian Empire? What were the most important factors in their development? Conceptual 7. Why is little known about the early Indus River valley civilization in relation to other major civilizations of the ancient world? What explanations can you give for the fall of this civilization? What influence did this civilization have on the later Aryan civilizations? Conceptual 8. Discuss how the concept of the Mandate of Heaven became part of the political rationale for every dynasty from the Zhou to the 21st century in China. How did the Mandate of Heaven contribute to other social and cultural changes? Conceptual 9. Imagine that you are an urban citizen living in one of the following cities at the time indicated, and describe your society, your government, and your religious beliefs: Memphis, 2500 B.C.E.; Babylon, 1750 B.C.E.; Harappa, 2000 B.C.E.; Loyang, 600 B.C.E. In which city would you have most wanted to live? (See Maps 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6) Conceptual 10. Compare and contrast the geography of the four major river valley civilizations: Tigris/Euphrates, Indus, Nile, and Yellow. How do geographic factors explain the development of their unique political, economic, social, and cultural characteristics? (See Maps 1-1, 1-2, 1-4, 1-5,1-6) Conceptual 11. Explain and discuss the concept of diffusion and its effect on ancient civilizations and early cultures. How did these cultures influence one another? Conceptual 12. How did the cuneiform writing system affect the development and advancement of Sumerian society, especially the lives of common people? Conceptual 13. Discuss the role of slavery in Babylonian society. How vital were slaves to the economy and how accepted was the practice? Describe the life of a typical slave. Conceptual 14. Discuss the rise of civilizations in North America. Compared to Africa and Asia, was the food supply more or less abundant? What effect did this have on the people who lived there? Conceptual 15. In the Iron Age, what three basic changes contributed to the rise of large territorial states in the Eastern Zhou? Which was most important? Why? Conceptual 16. Compare and contrast the development of Native American civilizations in Mesoamerica to those in North America. What were their main political, social, and economic features? How did religious practices influence their evolution? Conceptual 17. Compare and contrast the religious practices and beliefs about the afterlife in Egypt to those of India and Shang China. Conceptual 18. Compare and contrast the role of women in Mesopotamian societies to their roles in Egypt, India, and China. Conceptual 19. Compare and contrast the political, economic, and social organization of ancient Egypt to that of Shang and Zhou China. What was the role of the king in relation to the nobility and other classes in each civilization? Conceptual 20. Compare and contrast monumental architecture in Egypt and the Mesoamerican civilizations. What were the features of and the role played by the pyramids and other structures in each culture? Conceptual CHAPTER 2 – FOUR GREAT REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT AND RELIGION IDENTIFICATION QUESTIONS monotheism Analects Torah Laozi Logos Zionism Messiah Samsara polis cosmos Karma Sophists Moksha Brahman Thales “one hundred schools” Xunzi Mahavira Junzi dharma Legalism MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following groupings of world cultural zones developed the earliest? a. Indian, Islamic b. Chinese, Indian c. Islamic, Western Christian d. Chinese, Islamic Answer: b Pages: 48-49 Factual 2. Confucius believed that a. government should be run by men of superior learning and culture. b. the welfare of the common people mattered little in politics. c. “might made right” so morality was whatever the strong said. d. politics was unimportant and people should focus on personal salvation. Answer: a Pages: 51-52 Factual 3. According to Confucius, a junzi, or true gentlemen, would respond to an insult by (Document, 52) a. vowing revenge. b. ignoring it. c. trying to correct the situation. d. responding in a similar manner. Answer: b Page: 52 Factual 4. Daoists would most likely believe that a. knowledge is a positive force because it shows the way. b. knowledge is bad because it creates distinctions. c. knowledge is neutral. d. knowledge is secret and should be known by only a few. Answer: b Page: 54 Factual 5. According to Daoists, a good ruler should a. work to ensure a good education for all of its citizens. b. set an example by doing and saying as little as possible. c. use military force to keep borders secure. d. use philosophical thought to organize the state. Answer: b Page: 54 Factual 6. The Legalists modeled their idea of a strong state on (Document, 55) a. traditions from long ago. b. a heavenly order of values. c. a system of incentives and punishments. d. the wisdom of philosophers. Answer: c Page: 56 Factual 7. Legalism was the philosophy of the state under a. the Sung. c. the Han. b. the Qin. d. the Zhou. Answer: b Page: 56 Factual 8. Samsara refers to a. the endless and seemingly unbreakable cycle of life and death. b. the process of freeing oneself from the cycle of life and death. c. the elimination of evil from the cycle of life and death. d. the principle that every action influences the cycle of life and death. Answer: a Page: 58 Factual 9. Karma refers to a. the endless and seemingly unbreakable cycle of life and death. b. the process of freeing oneself from the cycle of life and death. c. the elimination of evil from the cycle of life and death. d. the principle that every action influences the cycle of life and death. Answer: d Page: 58 Factual 10. The statement “From the unreal lead me to the Real.… From death lead me to immortality” is associated with what religious group? a. Upanishads c. Buddhists b. Christians d. Israelites Answer: a Page: 58 Factual 11. The following are all characteristics of early Hindu beliefs except a. emphasis on the power of sacrifice. b. the application and explanation of Vedic texts and rites. c. solving the problem of existence through karmic liberation. d. emphasis on the importance of knowledge rather than ritual. Answer: a Pages: 58-60 Factual 12. Which of the following statements best described the relationship between the individual (Atman) and the absolute universe (Brahman) in Upanishadic beliefs? (Document, 58) a. It is separate from you but guides you. b. It is part of you and you are part of it. c. It works against you, preventing your true freedom. d. It knows what you are thinking and judges your actions. Answer: b Pages: 58 Conceptual 13. Buddha’s teaching that people should follow the Middle Path primarily refers to (Image, 62) a. pursuing moderation in eating and drinking. b. avoiding the extremes of asceticism and indulgence. c. worshipping only one god rather than many. d. the proper placement of objects for achieving spiritual balance. Answer: b Pages: 61-62 Factual 14. All of the following are part of Buddha’s eightfold path except a. right thought and speech. b. right effort and action. c. right livelihood and work. d. right concentration and mindfulness. Answer: c Pages: 62-63 Factual 15. According to the teachings of Buddha, a. pain and suffering stem from selfish desires. b. heaven is accessible to all who worship him. c. humans can never know peace or happiness. d. every great civilization has its own way to God. Answer: a Page: 62 Factual 16. The Jains are most closely associated with a. Buddha. c. Confucius. b. Rajasthan. d. Mahavira. Answer: d Page: 60 Factual 17. Jains differ from Buddhists primarily in their emphasis upon a. stronger forms of self discipline. b. liberating themselves from the cycle of samsara. c. their belief in one, rather than many, gods. d. the importance of compassion. Answer: a Pages: 60-61 Conceptual 18. Ethical monotheism was pioneered by the a. Babylonians. c. Israelites. b. Egyptians. d. Chinese. Answer: c Page: 64 Factual 19. Called the “father of the faithful,” many consider this man to be the symbolic founder of three of the world’s largest religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. a. Moses c. Socrates b. Mohammed d. Abraham Answer: d Page: 65 Factual 20. The Hebrews of Abraham’s day saw their god as a. the only real god in existence. b. one god among many. c. the chosen deity among many divinities who might be worshiped. d. the same god the Egyptians called Aton. Answer: c Page: 65 Factual 21. For the Hebrews, the shift to the exclusive worship of Yahweh as a single god occurred a. with Abraham’s journey from Mesopotamia to Canaan. b. during the Exodus from Egypt under the leadership of Moses. c. when Solomon built the great temple in Jerusalem. d. with the start of Jesus’ teachings. Answer: b Pages: 65-66 Factual 22. The Israelite prophets contributed to all of the following except a. the campaign to turn people against false gods and toward Yahweh. b. the purification of Jewish faith by demanding righteousness of its followers. c. the consolidation of the ten lost tribes of Irael. d. the Biblical interpretation of Israelite national success. Answer: c Pages: 66-67 Factual 23. The Torah is a. the primary religious text of the Upanishadic faith. b. the code of ethics among Ionian Greeks. c. God’s holy Law as part of Hebrew scripture. d. a Buddhist creator myth. Answer: c Page: 66 Factual 24. According to the Jewish religion, how should man best serve God? (Document, 69) a. through rituals and prayers b. through heroic deeds c. through ethical responsibility d. through fasting and other forms of self denial Answer: c Page: 69 Factual 25. Which of the following religions emphasized the concern the creator god had for people? a. Jainism b. Hinduism c. Judaism d. Buddhism Answer: c Page: 67 Factual 26. The term sephardim refers to (Religions of the World: Judaism, 82-83) a. the Jews who lived in Muslim areas, such as Spain. b. the Jews who perished in the Holocaust. c. the Jews who were dispersed after the fall of the temple in Jerusalem. d. the Jews who lived in small scattered communities in Christian Europe. Answer: a Page: 83 Factual 27. The Talmud is (Religions of the World: Judaism, 82-83) a. the code of ethics among Ionian Greeks. b. God's holy Law as given to the Hebrews at Sinai. c. the books of Jewish history and faith in the Bible. d. commentary and interpretations of Jewish law. Answer: d Page: 82 Factual 28. The so-called ten lost tribes originally lived in a. Judah. c. Jerusalem. b. Phoenicia. d. Israel. Answer: d Page: 65 Factual 29. During the classical era, most Greeks believed that laws a. had no connection with the gods. b. were made by men, not gods. c. were imposed on citizens for their own moral good. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 71 Factual 30. Thales is regarded as the first Greek philosopher because he a. demonstrated the existence of gods scientifically. b. compared Egyptian and Mesopotamian religious beliefs with those of Greece. c. explained the origins of the world in naturalistic terms. d. argued for the importance of ethical behavior. Answer: c Page: 70 Conceptual 31. One of the primary characteristics of Greek philosophy was its a. emphasis on tradition as a guide to action. b. belief in the need for strong, authoritarian government. c. concern with personal salvation through mystical union with God. d. emphasis on reason as the means of discovering truth. Answer: d Pages: 70-71 Factual 32. Socrates was sentenced to death by a jury of Athenian citizens mainly because he a. questioned traditional beliefs and urged people to live more moral lives. b. betrayed Athens in the struggle against Sparta. c. urged young men to adopt pacifism and renounce warfare. d. criticized philosophy for not being able to solve human problems. Answer: a Page: 74 Factual 33. Plato argued that the best and most moral system of government was one ruled by a. a military strongman. b. a philosopher king. c. all the citizens working together. d. leaders chosen randomly. Answer: b Page: 75 Factual 34. The Cynics would most likely believe a. in material progress. b. in the concept of the polis. c. that virtue was a matter of knowledge. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 74 Factual 35. At the Lyceum founded by Aristotle, philosophers and scholars stressed a. the mathematical relationships of the universe. b. gathering and analyzing human knowledge. c. observing empirical evidence. d. mastering rhetoric to win intellectual debates. Answer: c Page: 77 Factual 36. All of the following represent Aristotle’s views except the a. importance of empirical observation. b. teleological and moral purpose of the polis. c. exercise and application of moderation. d. desirability of monarchy. Answer: d Page: 77 Factual 37. The polis can best be described as a a. community of scholars and philosophers. b. moral community of citizens. c. community of well-trained soldiers. d. strict religious community. Answer: b Pages: 74-75 Factual 38. The purpose of the polis for Aristotle was a. moral development. b. military defense. c. economic survival. d. social justice. Answer: a Page: 77 Factual 39. Because of the revolutionary impact of Greek philosophy, people began to conceive of the world a. in terms of politics and democracy, rather than gods and kings. b. in abstract, universal terms rather than specific, personal, or mythic terms. c. in terms of basic elements (such as water or atoms) rather than random, scattered elements. d. in terms of finding comfort and escape from the stressful world of politics. Answer: a Page: 71 Factual 40. The first Greek philosopher to deal with political and ethical ideas in a thorough and systematic manner was a. Heraclitus. C. Socrates. b. Sophus. D. Plato. Answer: d Pages: 74-75 Factual 41. Which philosopher described himself as a transmitter and a conservator of tradition, not as an innovator? a. Aristotle b. Confucius c. Mahavira b. Socrates Answer: b Page: 51 Factual 42. According to early Greek philosophers, how did the universe as we know it begin? (Document, 73) a. through a great explosion and random re-combinations of atoms b. through the plans of an intelligent being c. through the thoughts of several powerful deities d. through a clash of chaos and order Answer: a Page: 73 Factual 43. What crisis threatened the Greek polis and is believed to have led to the revolutionary changes in Greek philosophy? a. the Persian War b. the Peloponnesian War c. the fall of Jerusalem d. the death of Socrates Answer: b Page: 74 Factual 44. According to the Sophists, why did mankind need to ‘invent’ gods? (Document, 76) a. to deter anti-social behavior b. to explain natural phenomena c. to find peace and strength d. to seek help in times of crisis Answer: a Page: 76 Factual 45. In The Republic, Plato argues that rationally speaking, women should be treated (Document, 78) a. exactly the same as men. b. equally to men. c. similarly to men. d. the same as men, except under some circumstances. Answer: a Page: 78 Factual ESSAY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What are the basic tenets of Confucian thought, and how did they evolve and influence Chinese education? In what manner was Confucian thought different from other major religious and philosophical ideas? Why was there a long delay before this philosophical system became an important part of Chinese society? Conceptual 2. Explain the central concept of the Dao, or the Way. What do you think attracted some individuals to Dao concepts? How might its teachings have influenced their behavior? Do you see any similarities to the concept of Dao in other religions? (Document, 55) Conceptual 3. According to the Upanishadic sages, what is the relationship between the individual and the Universe, or ultimate reality? How did this relationship affect their views on life after death? What were some of the different reactions people had to the prospect of “redeath”? (Document, 59) Conceptual 4. Choose two Greek philosophers and indicate the manner in which they dealt with the crises in the polis. In your opinion which philosopher developed a better plan for dealing with the issues of his time? Conceptual 5. What are the major aspects of Buddhist and Jain rebellion against Hinduism? Develop the proper historic background and time frame in your response. Why did Buddhism spread from India? Did the Jains become involved in activity outside the framework of their religious belief system? In what ways are both religious movements similar and different? Conceptual 6. Describe the importance of the Old Testament as a reliable historic source. Give appropriate examples from Hebrew political history to support your major ideas. What is the importance of a written source for a religious belief? How is the Old Testament different from other revealed religious texts? Conceptual 7. In the “Global Perspective” section that introduces this chapter, the author states that each of the four great religious and philosophical revolutions from this time period arose from a crisis or major change. What crisis or change did each one face? How did each one address the crises faced by their respective societies? Compare and contrast the way they “reconnect[ed] ethics to history and restore[d] order to a troubled society.” (Global Perspective, 48) Conceptual 8. All of the societies covered in this chapter were concerned with creating the best form of government for their states. Compare and contrast how each of the major schools of thought explained the ideal practices and responsibilities of government. What factor or factors do you think most account for the differences between them? (Documents, 53, 55, 57) Conceptual 9. Ancient Palestine was an important crossroads between Asia and Africa. It was also influential in the spread of religious ideas. Using Map 2-1, discuss how Palestinian geography could have aided in the spreading of religious ideas. Conceptual 10. Describe how the history of the Israelites contributed to the development of their religious beliefs. What were the most important aspects of the monotheistic revolution? Conceptual 11. Analyze the issues related to the use of Biblical texts for historical purposes. What do the texts reveal about the evolution of the Israelites’ religion? Conceptual 12. Compare and contrast the ancient Greek view of the origins of the universe to that of the Israelites, as reflected in the Hebrew bible. Conceptual 13. Compare and contrast Buddha’s teachings on right conduct to those of Confucius. Conceptual 14. Compare and contrast the views of Plato and Aristotle on governance of the polis to those of the Legalists on ruling the state. Conceptual 15. Compare and contrast the Hindu view of ultimate reality with the ancient Greek view of the nature of reality as seen in the pre-Socratic philosophers. Conceptual CHAPTER 3 – GREEK AND HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION IDENTIFICATION QUESTIONS Cnossus Homer Cimon Demosthenes polis Epicurus Zeno tyrant Archimedes League of Corinth arete Solon Helots tholos Pisistratus Clisthenes MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Archeological studies of Mycenaean cities and palaces indicate they a. were a warlike and violent people. b. were isolated from outside contacts. c. were ruled by powerful kings and large bureaucracies. d. spoke a version of Latin rather than Greek. Answer: a Page: 91 Factual 2. A tholos tomb a. consisted of many shaft graves grouped in a central area. b. was a single huge beehive-like chamber. c. revealed the wealth and power of the Minoan kings. d. contained cremated remains of warriors. Answer: b Page: 91 Factual 3. Homer’s epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, refer primarily to which period in Greek history? a. Minoan b. Mycenaean c. “Middle Age” or Archaic d. Classical Answer: c Page: 92 Factual 4. Which qualities would a Homeric hero prize most dearly? a. strength, teamwork, artistic ability b. charity, prowess, speaking ability c. individual prowess, courage, excellence d. wealth, love of country, the good life Answer: c Page: 93 Conceptual 5. In the Greek world, a polis was a(n) a. independent political unit. b. small city. c. community sharing common ancestors and religious rites. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 94 Factual 6. According to legend, the Greeks finally destroyed the city of Troy using (Image, 92) a. hoplites. b. lightning bolts. c. a specially constructed catapult. d. a giant wooden horse. Answer: d Page: 92 Factual 7. A hoplite phalanx is a. a disciplined, closed fighting formation. b. a large many-oared warship. c. a new tax leveled against foreigners in Athens. d. a Greek cavalry formation. Answer: a Page: 95 Factual 8. In The Iliad, Homer portrays the role of women primarily as (Document, 94) a. warriors and athletes. b. mothers and homemakers. c. teachers and scholars. d. shopkeepers and small traders. Answer: b Page: 94 Factual 9. The Greek colonization movement around 750 B.C.E. occurred primarily because of the a. fear of the Dorian invasion. b. overpopulation of Greek lands. c. desire to trade and make money. d. need to escape from internal disputes between city states. Answer: c Page: 97 Factual 10. From Map 3-2 (96), which people founded colonies before and during the Greek colonial period? a. Egyptians b. Phoenicians c. Minoans d. Etruscans Answer: b Page: 96 Factual 11. Aristotle valued the polis very highly because he thought a. it provided the most efficient military system. b. it organized colonies. c. only the polis provided law and justice. d. the polis was more efficient than the city-state. Answer: c Pages: 94-95 Conceptual 12. Hesiod believed that farmers possessed all of the following virtues except (Document, 100) a. initiative. b. eloquence. c. appreciation for nature. d. strong work ethic. Answer: b Pages: 98, 100 Factual 13. The Peloponnesus (Map 3-3, 102) is a. a peninsula attached to mainland Greece by a narrow isthmus. b. an island covered with mountains. c. an island separated from Greece by the Gulf of Corinth. d. much smaller than Attica. Answer: a Page: 102 Factual 14. The major city-state that controlled the peninsula of Attica (Map 3-4, 104) was a. Athens. C. Corinth. b. Sparta. D. Argos. Answer: a Pages: 103-104 Factual 15. The two main factors that determined the character of Spartan society were a. the conquest of Arcadia and the revival of trade. b. the conquest of Messenia and the enslavement of the Helots. c. the rigorous training of a Spartan warrior and the desire for glory. d. the Spartan distrust of Athens and Spartan desire to compete with the Athenians. Answer: b Pages: 101-102 Factual 16. The Spartans were compelled to make the army the primary focus of their society because a. of the threat of conquest by Corinth. b. of the danger of a Persian invasion. c. they wanted to conquer the Peloponnesus. d. of the threat of rebellion by their slaves. Answer: d Page: 101 Factual 17. In the Spartan government, which institution represented the democratic element? a. the assembly c. the council of elders b. board of ephors d. the kings Answer: a Page: 102 Factual 18. Which of the following best characterizes the typical life of a Spartan woman? a. fighting in the army alongside the men b. a more restricted life than other Greek women c. study of poetry and philosophy d. gymnastic training and indoctrination in Spartan ideals Answer: d Pages: 101-102 Factual 19. Solon's reforms a. encouraged industry. b. expanded citizenship. c. made Athens dependent on imported wheat. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Pages: 103-104 Factual 20. Solon, Pisistratus, and Clisthenes contributed to the development of Athenian government by a. breaking down traditional allegiances. b. establishing democratic institutions. c. strengthening regional authority. d. establishing a theoretical basis for monarchy. Answer: a Pages: 104-105 Conceptual 21. Clisthenes’s claim to the title of “father of Athenian democracy” is based on which action? a. enlargement of the citizen rolls b. elevation of the role of the assembly c. reduction of the power of aristocrats d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 105 Factual 22. For most Greeks, the greatest personality flaw was that of hubris, which can be defined as a. arrogance that accompanied excellence. b. cowardice in battle. c. disloyalty to the polis. d. excessive sexual indulgence. Answer: a Page: 99 Factual 23. The Athenian victory at Marathon in 490 B.C.E. a. was due to the leadership of Miltiades. b. was important for the positive contributions of Athens in the 5th century. c. did not provide permanent protection for Athens from the Persian threat. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 106 Factual 24. The Persian War battle that ultimately ensured Greek independence and instilled Athenians with confidence in their polis, their government, and themselves was a. Marathon. b. Salamis. c. Thermopylae. d. Plataea. Answer: a Page: 106 Conceptual 25. Athens became the leader of the Delian League because a. Sparta desired to spend more time trading in the Mediterranean. b. Corinth's navy had nearly been destroyed by the Persians. c. Sparta was not willing to make a long-term commitment from the Peloponnesus. d. Athens had no outstanding leaders of its own at that time. Answer: c Page: 108 Factual 26. The major geographical regions of Classical Greece (Map 3-5, 107) were a. Arcadia, Attica, Laconia, Euboea, Lydia. b. Thrace, Macedonia, Persia, Asia Minor. c. Peloponnesus, Attica, Phoenicia, Levant. d. Thrace, Macedonia, Peloponnesus, Attica, Asia Minor. Answer: a Page: 107 Factual 27. According to Map 3-6 (110), the Athenian Empire was divided into a. satrapies, clients, and occupied poleis. b. city-states, empires, kingdoms. c. independent cities paying tribute, occupied cities, Persian client states. d. independent states, dependent states, allied states. Answer: d Page: 110 Factual 28. The rebellion of the island of Thasos from the Delian League in 465 B.C.E. was important because a. it showed Athenian military weakness. b. it reflected growing Persian influence in the area. c. Sparta aided the rebellion. d. it was the first recorded instance in which Athenian interests alone seemed to dominate league policy. Answer: d Page: 108 Factual 29. The primary cause of the Peloponnesian War was a. the rise of Sparta. b. Athens’s growing domination over the other city states. c. the emergence of Thebes. d. the threat from Philip of Macedonia. Answer: b Pages: 109-111 Factual 30. At the outset of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian strategy was a. to threaten Sparta’s crops and force the Spartans to defend them. b. to allow their own land to be devastated. c. to lure the Spartans into the port of Piraeus. d. both to threaten Sparta’s crops and to lure the Spartans into the port of Piraeus. Answer: b Page: 111 Factual 31. The Athenians lost the Peloponnesian War because a. Pericles's strategy failed. b. none of Pericles's successors could hold the state to a consistent policy. c. the Sicilian expedition was a disastrous failure. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Pages: 111-112 Factual 32. The period 404-371 B.C.E. was called the Spartan hegemony and is characterized by a. Spartan leadership of the Greek world. b. overextension of Spartan power in Asia Minor. c. the rise of Theban and Athenian power. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Pages: 112-113, 115 Factual 33. Greek literature, mythology and theater portrayed the extent of women’s influence as a. greater than it was in Greek history. b. about the same as it was in Greek history. c. less than it was in Greek history. d. limited to the letter of the laws. Answer: a Page: 111 Factual 34. According to Aristophanes’s play Lysistrata, the Athenians gave up control over Pylos (Messenia) because (Document, 114) a. the Spartans had kidnapped their children. b. the Spartans had defeated the Athenian forces nearby. c. it was no longer of any strategic importance. d. their wives refused to have sex with them until they did. Answer: d Page: 114 Factual 35. The chorego was a. a ritual dancer. b. the author of a tragedy. c. a wealthy citizen who provided a dramatic chorus. d. one of three actors in a play. Answer: c Pages: 117 Factual 36. Which of the following best describes the plays of Euripides? a. political satire b. powerful cosmic themes and thundering language c. pride in the superiority of the Greek polis d. the psychology and behavior of individual human beings Answer: d Page: 117 Conceptual 37. Thucydides was an Athenian who a. wrote the history of the Persian Wars. b. wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War. c. divorced himself from the influence of the Hippocratic school of medicine. d. describes the chaos of the warring Greek states in the fourth century. Answer: b Page: 118 Factual 38. The League of Corinth a. ostensibly provided for the autonomy of the Greeks. b. promoted suppression of piracy and civil war. c. showed that the polis had lost control of its own affairs. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 119 Factual 39. After Philip's assassination, Alexander a. consolidated Greece and the northern frontier of Macedon. b. promoted various members of his family to help with the administration of Greece. c. was well received and supported by the Greeks. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 120 Factual 40. Which best describes Alexander's early strategy against Persia? a. Besiege the most important cities and wear the opposition down over a long period of time. b. Attack Syria first since it was the key to Persian strength. c. Seek quick and decisive battles to gain money and supplies from the conquered territory. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 120 Factual 41. According to Map 3-7 (122), Alexander the Great a. departed Europe for Asia and never returned. b. invaded Arabia after he finished with his Persian campaigns. c. died of fever in Bactria. d. conquered all of India before returning to Persia. Answer: a Page: 122 Factual 42. Alexander was forced to end his conquest in India because of a. a mutiny by his men. b. a lack of funds. c. a fever, which eventually killed him. d. his assassination. Answer: a Page: 120 Factual 43. Which best describes the beliefs of Epicurus? a. pursuit of happiness, practical atheism, withdrawal from public life b. pursuit of knowledge, belief in gods, public spiritedness c. a life in harmony with god and nature, knowledge of good and evil, avoidance of passion d. idealism, literary and historical studies, "indifference" Answer: a Pages: 123-124 Factual 44. Which best describes the philosophy of the Stoics? a. denunciation of convention, advocacy of a crude life in accordance with nature b. a life in harmony with god and nature, knowledge of good and evil, avoidance of passion c. since nothing can be known, nothing matters d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 124 Factual 45. According to Plutarch (Document, 126), Archimedes, a great Hellenistic scientist, did not write down his findings about pulleys because a. he was illiterate. b. he feared persecution and censorship. c. he was afraid that people would steal his ideas. d. he considered such practical applications beneath him. Answer: d Page: 126 Conceptual ESSAY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the geographical setting of ancient Greek civilization. Why did Greece's Bronze Age culture first flower on Crete? Who were the Minoans? What kinds of evidence about their civilization do we possess? Who were the Mycenaeans? What was the relationship of their culture to the Minoan culture? Why did the Mycenaean civilization fail? Conceptual 2. Define the concept of a polis. Why did the Greeks consider it to be a unique institution? What are the major differences between a Greek polis and a modern country of Western Europe or America? In what ways are they similar? Conceptual 3. Classical Greece was a time of numerous Greek city states and various leagues of these states. Based on the maps and texts, what do you think was the role of geography in Greek politics and society? What contributions did the sea make to the spread of Greek culture? Conceptual 4. Compare and contrast the fundamental political, social, and economic institutions of Athens and Sparta about 500 B.C.E. What were the major differences? Similarities? Conceptual 5. Why did Sparta develop its unique system of government? What was life like for a Spartan warrior? Spartan women? Helots? Why did the Peloponnesian League develop as it did? Conceptual 6. Why did the Greeks and Persians go to war? What was the cause of the conflict? What benefit could the Persians have derived from conquering Greece? What was the Greek strategy in 480 B.C.E. and why did they win? Conceptual 7. Explain how the Athenian Empire came into existence. Did it offer any advantages to its members? How do you explain the resistance to Athenian efforts to unify the Greek world in the fifth and fourth centuries? Conceptual 8. How did the Athenians reconcile their democracy with their empire? Are the two compatible or is this a moral contradiction? To what extent was the empire the basis for Athenian achievement in the fifth century and the basis for decline? Conceptual 9. What were the major consequences of Alexander's death? Why did his empire fail to maintain political unity? Assess the achievement of Alexander. Was he a conscious promoter of Western Civilization or just an egomaniacal drunk with the lust of conquest? How would the world be different had Alexander never lived or had he set out to conquer the West instead of the East? Conceptual 10. Discuss the Eratosthenes map (Map 3-8, 127). What does it say about the way Greeks viewed themselves and the world? In what ways did it correctly portray the world? In what ways did it not? Do you think that this map may have been influenced by Alexander’s campaigns? If so, how? Conceptual 11. Compare and contrast the status of women in archaic Greek culture and in Sparta and Athens. What do literary texts reveal about the status and role of women in Greece? Conceptual 12. What motivated the conquests of Alexander the Great? What impact did Alexander and Greek culture have on the East? To what extent did Greek culture permeate the East? Conceptual 13. What impact did the conquests of Alexander have on the Greek world and poleis? How did the Greek city states’ view of their relationship to each other and to the rest of the world change after Alexander? Conceptual 14. Compare and contrast the views of Epicurus, Zeno and the Stoics, and the Cynics on civic duty, virtue, and happiness. Conceptual 15. What were the causes of the Peloponnesian War and how did the outcome of the war impact the Greek city states? Conceptual CHAPTER 4 – IRAN, INDIA, AND INNER ASIA TO 200 C.E. IDENTIFICATION QUESTIONS satrap Arthashastra Chandragupta asha Deccan Ahura Mazda Magi ahimsa Silk Road Achaemenid Parthians Indo-Greeks Shahanshah Sanskrit Kanishka Zoroaster Seleucids Ashoka Kanishka Elamites Cyrus MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. By the second century C.E., the Indo-Iranian world possessed all of the following characteristics of civilization except a. widespread urban culture and a specialized division of labor. b. security and wealth. c. strong imperial institutions and leaders. d. complex roads and communications systems. Answer: a Page: 132 Factual 2. Based on Map 4-1 (137), which of the following peoples were not under the control of the Persian Empire? a. Medes b. Greeks c. Etruscans d. Egyptians Answer: c Page: 137 Factual 3. The oldest texts in ancient Persian dialects show that the Aryan peoples who settled on the Iranian plateau were related to the a. Vedic or Indo-Aryans of North India. b. Parthians. c. Seleucids. d. Bactrian-Greeks. Answer: a Page: 134 Factual 4. Part of the genius of the Achaemenids' unparalleled imperial success lay in their ability to a. enslave those who objected to their rule. b. tolerate only those religions approved by the state. c. use existing institutions to build their own state. d. use the local currency and weights and measures throughout their empire. Answer: c Page: 134 Factual 5. Pre-Achaemenid religious texts suggest that the earliest Persian religion a. was a primitive form of monotheism. b. had many parallels with Vedic Aryan religion. c. was strongly influenced by contact with Egypt. d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 134 Factual 6. According to the Hymn of Zoroaster (Document, 135), Ahura Mazda judges his followers a. by their actions and accomplishments, not their thoughts. b. by their motives and thoughts, not their actions and accomplishments. c. by their knowledge and understanding, not their faith. d. by their faith, not their knowledge and understanding. Answer: d Page: 135 Factual 7. Zoroaster was similar to the Hebrew prophets, the Buddha, and Confucius because he preached a message of a. moral reform. b. ethical indifference. c. materialism. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 134 Factual 8. Zoroastrianism was removed from world history as a major force by a. Islam. c. Hinduism. b. Christianity. d. Jainism. Answer: a Page: 134 Factual 9. Modern Iran has a dual cultural heritage based on a. Judaic/Christian cultures. c. Hindu/Buddhist cultures. b. Islamic/Zoroastrian cultures. d. Confucian/Taoist cultures. Answer: b Page: 135 Factual 10. The common language of the Near East during the Achaemenid rule was a. Greek. c. Indian. b. Egyptian. d. Aramaic. Answer: d Page: 138 Factual 11. To hold their diverse empire together the rulers of the Achaemenid Dynasty a. relied on terror and violence similar to the Assyrians. b. used Greek scholars and merchants as government agents. c. created a centralized, bureaucratic system similar to China. d. developed an efficient administrative system, which borrowed much from preceding kingdoms. Answer: d Page: 137 Factual 12. From the inscriptions on his palace (Document, 139), Darius most likely used workers and materials from diverse regions of the Achaemenid Empire for all of the following reasons except a. to prevent any one group from gaining the upper hand. b. to encourage them to convert to the state religion. c. to promote a policy of toleration and inclusion. d. as an indication of the extent of his power. Answer: b Page: 139 Conceptual 13. Under the reign of Darius, the Achaemenid Empire generally a. relied on brutal repression to keep their subjects obedient. b. practiced toleration of religious and cultural diversity. c. promoted the forced assimilation to Persian culture. d. instituted democratic elections for satraps and governors. Answer: b Page: 137 Conceptual 14. Made under the Mauryan emperors, The Lion Capital of Sarnath (Image,143) demonstrates the influence of all of the following cultures except a. Buddhist. b. Greek. c. Persian. d. Chinese. Answer: d Page: 143 Factual 15. Based on Map 4-2 (142), the two empires that dominated southwest Asia in 250 B.C.E. were the a. Assyrian and Bihari empires. b. Mauryan and Seleucid empires. c. Mauryan and Arabian empires. d. Indo-Greek and Tibetan empires. Answer: b Page: 142 Factual 16. The third and greatest Mauryan emperor was a. Bimbisara. C. Bindusara. b. Ashoka. D. Chandragupta. Answer: b Page: 141 Factual 17. Kautilya is famous in Indian history as a. the inventor of the Sanskrit alphabet. b. the Buddhist tutor of the young prince Ashoka. c. a cunning and ruthless political thinker who laid the basis of the Mauryan Empire. d. the Zoroastrian monk who introduced the religion into southern India. Answer: c Page: 141 Factual 18. As ruler of the Mauryan Empire, Ashoka sought to rule in accordance with ahimsa, which is best defined as a. nonviolence. c. the "Middle Path," a right cause of conduct. b. "righteous conquest." d. benign rule. Answer: a Page: 141 Factual 19. Alexander the Great a. made little impact on the Indian subcontinent except in the northwest. b. determined the political boundaries of India for centuries to come. c. consolidated his conquests in India by establishing a road system. d. promoted the Hellenization of India by encouraging his soldiers to settle in India. Answer: a Page: 140 Factual 20. After the reign of Ashoka, Mauryan rule a. continued for two centuries. b. collapsed because of bureaucratic corruption and economic problems. c. collapsed under the impact of Mongol invasions. d. increased to include much of southeast Asia. Answer: b Page: 141 Factual 21. The most significant written sources for the reign of Ashoka are a. no longer extant. b. contained in rock inscriptions. c. contained in the holy writings of dharma. d. inscribed on oracle bones. Answer: b Page: 141 Factual 22. In his edicts (Document, 144), Ashoka suggests that the primary role of the monarch is a. to maintain a strong military presence. b. to administer justice. c. to teach the people righteousness. d. to ensure the security of the state. Answer: c Page: 144 Factual 23. All of the following were part of the Mauryan legacy except: a. an imperial ideal. b. grand cities built in stone. c. a strengthened Buddhist movement. d. cosmopolitan traditions of external relations and internal communication. Answer: b Pages: 142-143 Factual 24. The greatest achievements in Indian arts between the Mauryan and Gupta eras were inspired chiefly by the a. Greeks. C. Hindus. b. Buddhists. D. None of these answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 145 Factual 25. Which of the following is not a trait of Hinduism? a. the cults of Vishnu and Siva b. the traditions of the Upanishadic Age c. Brahmin ascendancy and Sanskrit language d. a rigid exclusion of "unpure" religious ideas Answer: d Page: 146 Factual 26. One of the most important sources of support for Jain and Buddhist monasteries in the post-Mauryan centuries came from a. merchants. c. warriors. b. farmers. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 146 Factual 27. Based on Map 4-3 (145), this region was most likely to play a significant intermediary role between Asian and Mediterranean trade routes: a. Iberia c. Tibet b. Persia d. Axum Answer: b Page: 145 Factual 28. The Seleucid Dynasty that ruled Iran in the 3rd century B.C.E. was created by a. nomadic Indo-Europeans from western India. b. Egyptian slave soldiers who turned against the Sassanids. c. Persian barons from the frontier who disliked central control. d. a Greek-speaking general who had served Alexander the Great. Answer: d Page: 147 Factual 29. The Seleucid Dynasty of Persia a. promoted a revival of Zoroastrian ideas and practices. b. was established by the grandson of Ashoka and sought to encourage Buddhism. c. continued Alexander the Great’s policy of linking Greek and Persian culture. d. established the longest-lasting dynasty in Persian history. Answer: c Page: 147 Factual 30. The most important contribution of the Seleucid Dynasty to Near Eastern history was a. spreading democratic practices to India. b. spreading Greek culture in urban regions across the Middle East. c. exporting Zoroastrianism to Greece and the Mediterranean world. d. creating four centuries of peace in the Persian realm. Answer: b Page: 147 Conceptual 31. The new Hellenistic urban centers in Seleucid and Parthian times probably contributed to a. a decrease in commitment to established cultural traditions. b. the rise of mystic and savior cults. c. less contact with the west. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 147 Conceptual 32. The farthest reach of Hellenization occurred in which satrapy of the Seleucid Empire? a. Bactria c. Sardis b. Persepolis d. Pasargadae Answer: a Page: 147 Factual 33. The Parthians were a steppe people who a. destroyed the Mauryan Empire in India. b. defeated the Selecuids and created a large empire in Iran. c. introduced silk to China. d. spread Hellenistic culture to central Asia. Answer: b Page: 148 Factual 34. Parthian control over the Iranian plateau in the first centuries C.E. a. saw a sharp drop in trade between East and West. b. encouraged the spread of Christian ideas eastward. c. encouraged the growth of trade along the Silk Road. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 148 Factual 35. Which of the following was responsible for Parthian decline? a. the massacre at Carrhae b. constant wars with the neighboring Roman and Kushan Empires c. dramatic population decline as a result of plagues from the east d. internal conflicts between Muslims and Zoroastrians Answer: b Page: 148 Factual 36. Like many nomadic steppe peoples, the Sakas and Kushans are often ignored by modern historians because a. they had no written language. b. they were not central to Chinese, Iranian or Indian history. c. they were destroyed by the Romans. d. they built no monumental architecture. Answer: a Page: 148 Factual 37. The great Kushan ruler, Kanishka, was a promoter of a. Hinduism. c. Jainism. b. Buddhism. d. Taoism. Answer: b Page: 150 Factual 38. A lasting Kushan cultural contribution was a. the school of Graeco-Buddhist art. b. rudimentary forms of written musical notation. c. the art of the death mask. d. the development of detailed woodworking techniques. Answer: a Page: 150 Factual 39. By the second century C.E. in the Indo-Iranian world, we see the a. destruction of imperial governments and the decline into political chaos. b. rise of royal governments with greater power and influence. c. decline of western influence on eastern culture. d. the end of economic and cultural exchanges. Answer: c Pages: 147-148 Conceptual 40. The Zoroastrian religious tradition a. spread abroad and took root in outside cultures. b. never had great appeal outside its homeland. c. rejected the Parsee community in western India. d. d. None of these answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 133 Factual 41. The cross-cultural contact between eastern and western cultures is best symbolized by a. the Hellenizing conquests of Alexander the Great. b. increased trade between Parthia and China. c. demonstrated use of the postal system established by the Achaemenids. d. conversion of many Greeks to Buddhism. Answer: a Page: 133 Conceptual 42. According to the “Religions of the World” section (152), in contemporary Hindu worship, puja is a. the recitation of sacred texts. b. devotion to meditation and self-realization. c. bringing offering of flowers, food, and other goods to temples. d. a purification ritual that involves bathing. Answer: c Pages: 152-153 Factual 43. Hinduism can best be described as a. polytheistic, with individual devotion to a particular god. b. polytheistic, with simultaneous devotion to many gods. c. monotheistic, with respect to the chosen deity. d. monotheistic, with worship of two aspects of Supreme Lord, Vishnu and Shiva. Answer: a Page: 152 Factual 44. A stupa is (Image, 145) a. a royal Persian palace. b. a follower of Zoroaster. c. a Hindu offering ceremony. d. a Buddhist relic mound. Answer: d Pages: 145-146 Factual 45. Which of the following empire-location pairings is correct? a. Achaeminid Empire - Iran b. Mauryan Empire - the Mediterranean c. Seleucid Empire - Ceylon d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 150 Factual ESSAY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the importance of the Achaemenid and Mauryan Empires to world history. What factor or factors do you think explain their contributions? Conceptual 2. Describe the major causes of the victory of the Medes and the Persians under Cyrus the Great. What form of empire was established under his rule? Why and how were the old enemies defeated? Conceptual 3. How did the Achaemenid state rule over a long period of time? What were the main aspects of government control that enhanced the power base? What was the role of religion in this development? Conceptual 4. How was the first great Indian Empire created? What role did Chandragupta have in this movement? What geographic hurdles had to be overcome to bring the empire together? Why was the interaction with the Greeks important in this development? Conceptual 5. Why was Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism important in the creation of the Mauryan Empire? How did this development affect world history? What were some of the policies effected by Ashoka? Conceptual 6. Discuss the major features of the Hindu and Buddhist traditions. What are the similarities between the two groups? Why did Buddhism spread to China and southeast Asia while Hinduism remained in India? Conceptual 7. Describe the effect Hellenistic culture had on the Seleucid rule. How were their concepts different from those of Alexander the Great? What were the major contributions of the Greek world to the East and what was the specific effect on Bactria? Conceptual 8. What major role did the Steppe people play in the Eurasian subcontinent? How did the Parthians control a vast area with only a limited culture? What were the major differences between the rule of the Sakas and Kushans, and the Parthians? In what ways can the Kushans and Sakas be considered important to world history? Conceptual 9. What were the major teachings of Zoroaster and how did they impact the development of the Persian Empire? Other religions? What factors brought about the end of Zoroastrianism as a major force in world history? Conceptual 10. Compare and contrast the evolution of Buddhism and Hinduism in the era after the Mauryans. What political, social, economic and other conditions affected the development of these traditions? Conceptual 11. Describe the cross-cultural interactions that affected the development of Iran, India, and Inner Asia during the period following Alexander the Great’s conquests. How did contact with other cultures change the various peoples of Inner Asia? C