Consists of a copper wire at the center, surrounded by
insulation and another copper wire
Inner and outer conductors are separated by a dielectric
Used for high-speed, broadband data and video
transmission
Provides high bandwidth, low attenuation, and immunity
to interference
Optical Fiber Channel
Consists of a thin glass or plastic fiber that transmits light
Used for high-speed, long-distance data transmission
Provides high bandwidth, low attenuation, and immunity
to electromagnetic interference
Noise in Communication Channel
Refers to any unwanted signal that interferes with the
desired signal
Types of noise include thermal noise, shot noise, and
impulse noise
Can cause errors in data transmission and degrade the
quality of communication signals
Introduction to Pulse Modulation
Techniques
Technique for transmitting a continuous-time (analog)
signal over a discrete-time (digital) channel
Includes pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM), and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
,Parametric Modulation: Amplitude, Width,
and Position
Refers to a class of modulation techniques that involve
changing the amplitude, width, and position of a carrier
signal
Examples include Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency
Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Relative Merits and Mathematical
Representation
Different pulse and parametric modulation techniques
have unique advantages and disadvantages
Understanding the mathematical representation of these
techniques is essential for analyzing and designing
communication systems
Pulse Modulation Methodologies
Techniques for generating a pulse-modulated signal from
an analog signal
Includes PAM, PWM, and PPM, as well as methods for
reducing signal distortion such as filtering and
oversampling
Continuous Wave Modulation: Frequency
and Phase
Types of modulation that involve changing the frequency
or phase of a continuous wave (carrier) signal
Examples include FSK and PSK, as well as Amplitude
Phase-Shift Keying (APSK) and Minimum Shift Keying
(MSK)
,Note: This is a brief overview of the topic, for further details and
understanding, please refer to the course material, books, or
other resources.
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