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UNIT–I : INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD-IISECTION-I EVENTS AND PROCESSES
CHAPTER-1
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
French Revolution and Making of Nationalism
Topic-1 Concepts Covered The French Revolution and The Idea of The Nation.
Revision Notes
Idea of the Nation
The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century.
It marked the downfall of feudalism and the beginning of Renaissance which literally means 'Rebirth'.
Key Words
Nationalism: An ideology which emphasizes faithfulness, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-
state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.
Feudalism: A social system existing in medieval Europe in which people worked and fought for nobles
who gave them protection and land in return.
Renaissance: The revival of European art and literature under the influence of classical models in the
14th–16th centuries.
Social republics: It is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: These words are regarded as the most famous slogan of the French Revo-
lution. Men and women are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded
only upon the common good.
The feeling of nationalism was illustrated by a French artist named Frédéric Sorrieu. In 1848, he prepared
a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of 'Democratic and Social Republics’, as he
called them.
Key Personality
Frédéric Sorrieu: He was a French artist famous for a series of four prints prepared in 1848 that visual-
ized the dream of a world consisting of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’.
The painting depicted his dream of a world free of the absolutist institutions and the establishment of
democratic and social republics. It also illustrated the Statue of Liberty holding a torch of Enlightenment
and the Charter of the Rights of Man.
The concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and nationalism dominated the social and political scene of
Europe in the 19th century.
Key Words
Absolute Monarchy: A monarchy in which the monarch holds the supreme or absolute powers. A monar-
chy that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution.
French Revolution: An uprising in France against the monarchy from 1789 to 1799 which resulted in the
establishment of France as a republic.
Constitutional Monarchy: It is a system of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitu-
tionally organized government.
,2 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X
La patrie : It is a French word used for fatherland.
Le citoyen : It is the French word used the citizen.
Napoleonic Code: The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon, is known as the Napoleonic Code. This
Code did away with all the privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right
to property.
Liberalism: It is a political and moral philosophy which is based on liberty, equality before the law and con-
sent of the governed.
Nation-state: A state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity and functions as a
complete and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in 19th century Europe as a result of the develop-
ment of nationalism.
Conservatism: It is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context
of culture and civilisation.
French Revolution: Beginning and Salient Features
Till 1789 France was under absolute monarchy.
However, the French Revolution in 1789 was an influential event that marked the age of revolutions in
Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was the formation of a constitutional monarchy, thereby, a
remarkable reduction in the royal and feudal privileges.
It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of national identity and national pride, which can aptly
be called as Nationalism.
The revolution transferred the sovereignty from the monarch to the people.
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) were adopted.
The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly, which was elected by the body of active citizens.
French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s with a promise of liberating
the people from their despotic rulers.
Key Facts
The French Revolution was primarily caused due to the financial crisis and it began with the Storming
of the Bastille, 14th July 1789.
In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean,
where he remained until he died on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51.
Napoleon (1769-1821)
Ruled France from 1799 to 1815.
Assumed absolute power in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.
Key Personalities
Napoleon (1769-1821): A French military and political leader who gained prominence during the
French Revolution. He ruled France from 1799 to 1815. He assumed absolute power in 1799 by becoming
the First Consul.
Giuseppe Mazzini: A famous Italian revolutionary who was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was part of a
secret society called Carbonari and founded two underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles
and Young Europe in Berne
Introduced the Civil Code in 1804 which also came to be known as the Napoleonic Code.
The Code established equality before the law and abolished all privileges based on birth.
It also abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.
Transport and communication system were approved.
Taxation and censorship were imposed and military services were made mandatory.
Key Dates
1789: French Revolution.
1797: Napoleon invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars began.
1799 to 1815: Napoleon ruled France.
1804: Napoleonic Code was introduced, that did away with all the privileges based on birth. It upheld equal-
ity before the law.
1807: Mazzini was born in Genoa.
1814-15: Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
1815: Napoleon defeated by the European powers.
1821: Greek struggle for independence began.
1831: Mazzini sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria
, Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 3
Advent of Liberalism in Europe
During the mid-18th century, Europe was divided into several small kingdoms and principalities. The concept
of nation states did not exist at all. People from diverse ethnic groups lived in Eastern and Central Europe.
The prominent empires in Europe were the autocratic Ottoman Empire that ruled over Eastern and Central
Europe, and Greece and the Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary.
Rise of Conservatism and Revolutionaries
The middle class believed in freedom and equality of all individuals before the law. Liberalism was used to end
aristocracy and clerical privileges. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, the European government
adopted the idea of Conservatism.
Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions
and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.
After 1815, several liberals began working in secret societies all over Europe to propagate their views and train
revolutionaries. Revolutionaries were seen as a threat to the restored monarchies, and hence, were repressed.
Giuseppe Mazzini, a famous Italian revolutionary was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was the part of a secret
society called Carbonari and founded two underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young
Europe in Berne.
In 1831, Mazzini was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed in the unification
of the small kingdoms and principalities in Italy. These societies were joined by like-minded young men from
Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848)
Topic-2 Concepts Covered The upheavals that took place in France Romantic
imagination and national feeling.
Revision Notes
National Feeling
Liberalism and Nationalism became associated with the revolution in many regions of Europe such as the
Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.
Key Words
The Ottoman Empire: It was one of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history.
The Greek War of Independence: It was a successful war waged by the Greeks to win independence
for Greece from the Ottoman Empire.
The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power
during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
The Greek War of Independence was another event which mobilised nationalist feelings among the
educated elite in Europe.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, stories and music helped
express and shape nationalist feelings.
Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.
Key Word
Romanticism : A cultural movement that rejected science and reason and introduced heart and emo-
tions. The concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared collective heritage and a common
cultural past for arousing nationalism.
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
Russian language was imposed everywhere.
The 1830s saw a rise in prices, bad harvest and poverty in Europe. Besides the poor, unemployed and starving
peasants and even educated middle classes revolted.
Key Dates
1830: The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830; Period of Economic Crisis in Europe.
1832 : Greece gained independence.
1834: Zollverein or the Customs Union was formed in Prussia to abolish tariff barriers.
1848: Revolutions in Europe; Artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt against economic hard-
ships; middle classes demanded constitutions and representative governments; Italians, Germans, Mag-
yars, Poles, Czechs, etc., demanded nation-states.
, 4 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X
In 1848, a large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-
German National Assembly.
The issue of extending political rights to women became a controversial one.
Conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, but could not restore the old order.
Key Fact
Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search for individual
rights and liberty.
After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.
Nation States — Unification of Italy, Germany and
Britain
Topic-3
Concepts Covered The making of Germany and Italy, The strange case of
Britain.
Revision Notes
After 1848, nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving
political domination over Europe. The unification of Italy and Germany came about through this process.
Key Words
Nation-state: A state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity and functions as a
complete and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in 19th century Europe as a result of the devel-
opment of nationalism.
Prussia: A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern
Poland.
Junkers: The large landowners in Prussia.
Unification of Germany (1866-1871)
In 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation
- state under an elected parliament.
In Prussia, nation-building acts were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military and
were supported by the large landowners called Junkers.
Prussia took over the leadership of the movement.
Otto von Bismarck, Chief Minister of Prussia, was the architect in the process of nation-building.
Key Personalities
Otto von Bismarck: He was the architect of a Prussian consolidation that was also a form of German
unification. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfully pursued pacific policies in foreign
affairs, succeeding in preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades.
Emperor Kaiser William I: He was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and German Emperor from 18
January 1871 until his death in 1888.
Prussia emerged victorious after fighting three wars over seven years against the combined forces of Austria,
Denmark and France and the process of unification of Germany was completed.
On 18th January, 1871, the new German Empire headed by the German Emperor Kaiser William I was
declared in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
The unification of Germany established Prussian dominance in Europe.
The new German Empire focused on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems.
Unification of Italy
Italy was divided into seven states.
Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
North Italy was under Austrian Habsburgs.
The centre part was under the Pope.
The southern regions were under the Bourbon Kings of Spain.
During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a coherent programme for uniting the Italian Republic and
formed a secret society called Young Italy.
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