- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

physiology the study of how the body works to maintain life the body is predictable pathophysiology how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury extracellular compartment fluid outside of cells composed of : blood plasma (20%) & interstitial fluid (80%) intracellular compartment is the fluid inside cells circulation and fluid compartments blood is pumped out of the heart (blood is extracellular) goes into a tissue and exchanges things to the interstitial fluid (also extracell...

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16 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Dissolved Gases (Plasma) Makes up a portion of the plasma in the blood, includes carbon dioxide and oxygen Large Plasma Proteins (Plasma) Makes up a portion of the plasma in the blood, more specifically made up of the proteins: albumins, globulins and fibrinogen Small/Soluble blood components i.e. antibodies (Plasma) contains water, ions, trace elements and vitamins, and organic molecules (amino acids, proteins, lipids, glucose, and nitrogenous waste) Formed Elements, AKA cellular elements (P...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

BIO 436 Exam 1 Questions with Answers Graded A+ Physiology - Answers Study of how the body works to maintain life Interstitial Fluid - Answers liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body. Bathes and surrounds cells; main component of ECF Pulse - Answers A rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them; vibratory wave is from the heart beat. Can determine 3 things: Heart rate, Rhythm, Strength Pathophysiology - A...

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32 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TutorJosh

BIO 436 Exam 2 Review | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) What is a specific junction where smaller cardiac cells are linked together? Intercalated Discs What have many desmosomes interspersed within gap junctions? a. skeletal muscle b. intercalated discs c. pacemaker cells d. syncitium What are proteins on inside of most cells and proteins extend outward through the cell membrane and they twist along one another like velcro? Desmosomes What form tight connections between cells so th...

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24 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A

Jumuja

VentilationMovement of air in and out of the lungs for gas exchange with blood Conducting ZoneWarms inspired air to body temp, humidifies inspired air so there is no osmotic gradient, mucus lining filters and cleans inspired air (mucus moved by cilia to be expectorated) -Includes larynx, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, trachea. Right and left primary bronchius, buccal cavity Tracheawindpipe BronchusA bronchus is a passage or airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lu...

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6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is phosphocreatine? high energy compound formed and stored in muscle cells high source of energy Ps to regenerate ATP from ADP ATP + Creatine <--CPK--> Phosphocreatine + ADP What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport What is myglobin? a type of protein found in muscle cells that stores and carries oxygen. Contains heme- similar to hemoglobin What are ketone bodies? They are a fuel source from fats produced in the liver; are used as an energy s...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Understand the term hematocrit, what is it measuring number of red blood cells (packed cell volume) should be 40-50% Know "normal" values plasma = 55% of whole blood buffy coat = <1% (platelets and WBC) red blood cells = 45% of whole blood normal hematocrit - 45% What can be determined by a person's hematocrit? If person has anemia or polycythemia What does anemia refer to? Not enough RBC's; hematocrit 30% or lower What is the problem associated with a) iron deficiency anemia b) apla...

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19 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Sarcomere -the basic unit of muscle contraction -Lined up to form the long structure (myofibril) -2 major elements of sarcomere -Actin (thin filament)= stabilized by tropomyosin, activated by troponin -myosin (thick filament) -Stabilized by titan and Nebulin -Z disk on either end, shared with next sarcomere over Nebulin anchors each thin actin filaments together at the center of the sarcomere Titan -Largest protein known to be made in cells. -Extends from Z-disk and tethers the thick filaments...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Two types of cardiac cells? 1) pacemaker/conducting/autorhymic cells 2) contracting cells/ cardiac myocytes How are cardiac myocytes similar to skeletal muscle cells? 1) basic contractile unit is the sarcomere Do cardiac cells stretch the length or width of the heart? Yes or no? Explain cardiac fiber cells DON'T stretch the length or width of the heart b/c they are actually individualized cells that are linked together throughout the heart Where cardiac cell membranes interdigitate extensive...

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9 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is the structure of the urinary system? - paired kidneys are on either side of vertebral column below diaphragm (about size of fist) - right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney - urine flows from kidneys into ureters which empty into bladder What are the functions of the kidney? (6) 1. regulates extracellular fluid volume 2. regulates osmolarity of ECF 3. regulates ion concentrations of ECF 4. regulates pH of ECF (only way which body can remove metabolic acids) 5. produces hormon...

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8 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is a cell membrane Fluid phospholipid bilayer with no chemical bonds containing little gaps through which some molecules can pass. A *hydrophobic barrier* to *hydrophilic molecules* What does a membrane allow a cell to do? Allows a cell to keep water inside where biochemistry can take place How do molecules pass through membranes? 1. Diffusion Simple/passive and Facilitated 2. Active Transport (ATP driven and Ion-gradient driven) 3. Exocytosis and Endocytosis (not discussed in class) Doe...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What are the two major ways in which cells of the body communicate systemically? 1) endocrine system 2) nervous system What is a neuron? a nerve cell that has a cell body, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, and axon terminals What are nerves? are bundles of neurons - both afferent and efferent neurons are "bundled" together How many spinal nerves are there? 31 pairs How many cervical nerves are there? 8 pairs (C1-C8) How many thoracic nerves? 12 pairs (T1-T12) How many lumbar nerves? 5 pairs...

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3 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Plasma 55% of blood, containing: Water, Ions, Organic molecules, Amino acids, Proteins: Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen, Glucose, Lipids, Nitrogenous waste, Trace elements and vitamins, Gases: CO2 O2 Dissolved gases CO2 (10% of total CO2 in blood) Large plasma proteins Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen Small/soluble blood components antibodies and antigens RBC's (erythrocytes) Most dense Short Lifespan: avg. 4 months, or 120 days Comes from stem cells in bone marrow Formation is triggered by EP...

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32 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Generation of ATP Equation Food + O2 -> ATP + Heat + CO2 + H2O Immediate/Short term Energy expenditure Use of energy stored within muscles themselves (ATP, CrP, glucose, glycogen - also immediate increase need of oxygen from myoglobin) Long Term Energy Expenditure 1) Release into the blood stream of glucose (from liver) and ketone bodies derived from fatty acids (from adipose tissue) 2) Increased movement of O2 to tissues 3) removal of heat and waste metabolites like lactate and CO2 Phosph...

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6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Plasma is 55% of the blood, fluid component of blood Small soluble components of the blood antibodies and antigens Formed elements of the blood also known as cellular elements, consists of red blood cells white blood cells and platelets Rbc have also known as erythrocytes,make up 45% of the blood, have a lifespan of about 4months, carry oxygen, don't have nucleus or mitochondria (very dense because of this), have sodium potassium atpase pumps Platelets make also known as thrombocytes, make ...

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40 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What does hematocrit measure? percentage of red blood cells in the blood Normal hematocrit for males 42-52% Why do males have a higher hematocrit? Males have higher levels of testosterone which stimulates the release of erythropoietin Normal hematocrit for females 37-47% What can be determined from a person's hematocrit? dehydration, blood disorder, anemia, polycythemia, other conditions Polycythemia hematocrit of 70% or more Anemia hematocrit of 30% or less Iron deficiency anemia - not ...

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14 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

NaKATP Pump Work the exact same in every tissue they are found in, however functions can be different which aids in prediction, symporter; 3 Na leave cell and 2 K go into cell Physiology Study of how the body works to maintain life Life Ability of a cell to do biochemistry; acquire, store, and use energy; and get rid of waste products Reproductive System Doesn't play a role in immediate life, but is important for off-spring Pathophysiology Helps us understand normal physiology Health What ...

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9 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Physiology The study of how the body works to maintain life Pathophysiology The study of how the physiological processes are altered in response to disease or injury How is homeostasis maintained? Negative feedback loops where the product functions to inhibit the beginning of the cellular process What are the pieces of a negative feedback loop? Sensors: detect variation from the set point (normal) Integrating Center: site that collects data and determines how to respond to the deviation Effec...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Ventilation is a result of skeletal muscle contraction When the diaphragm contracts, the volume in thoracic cavity increases What is inspiration? increase in thoracic volume reduces pressure in thoracic cavity, allowing atmospheric gas to enter lungs What is expiration? as diaphragm relaxes, pressure in thoracic cavity increases as volume decreases, forcing air out of lungs What is pulmonary minute ventilation? amount of air that flows into and out of lungs in 1 minute What is the rate of n...

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6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is a cell membrane? Hydrophobic barrier to hydrophilic molecules What does a membrane allow a cell to do? It will be selective in what hydrophobic molecules it allows to pass through allows the cell to be selective of things that go in and out of the cell How do molecules pass through membranes? Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion (carrier/transport mediated) Active transport Does it matter if they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Yes, it does, hydrophilic molecules are usually polar a...

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3 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

The study of body functions in a disease state is called pathophysiology Human bodies are able to maintain a certain constancy of their internal environment. This statement refers to homeostasis in the body The 2 main fluid compartments within the body are intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid: plasma and interstitial fluid Which is false about homeostatic control mechanisms 1. + feedback mechanisms include responses such as shivering and sweating 2. Info in homeostatic control mechanisms f...

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6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis