The student’s guide to cognitive neuroscience
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Introducing cognitive neuroscience .............................................................................. 5
Key terms ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6
Cognitive neuroscience in historical perspective .......................................................................... 6
Does cognitive psychology need the brain? .................................................................................. 7
Does neuroscience need cognitive psychology? ........................................................................... 7
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Introducing the brain................................................................................................... 8
Key terms ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Structure and function of the neuron ........................................................................................... 9
The gross organization of the brain ............................................................................................ 11
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 11
The subcortex ............................................................................................................................. 12
The midbrain and hindbrain........................................................................................................ 13
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 13
Chapter 3: The electrophysiological brain ................................................................................... 14
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 14
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 15
In search of neural representations: single-cell recordings......................................................... 15
Electroencephalography and event-related potentials ............................................................... 16
Mental chronometry in electrophysiology and cognitive psychology ......................................... 17
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) ............................................................................................... 18
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 4: The imaged brain ...................................................................................................... 19
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 19
Structural imaging ....................................................................................................................... 20
Functional imaging ...................................................................................................................... 21
From image to cognitive theory: experimental design ............................................................... 23
Analyzing data from functional imaging...................................................................................... 24
Interpreting data from functional imaging.................................................................................. 25
Why do functional imaging data sometimes disagree with lesion data? .................................... 25
Brain-reading: is ‘big brother’ round the corner? ....................................................................... 26
1
, Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 5: The lesioned brain ..................................................................................................... 27
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 27
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 28
Dissociations and associations .................................................................................................... 28
Single-case studies ...................................................................................................................... 28
Group studies and lesion-deficit analysis .................................................................................... 29
Animal models in neuropsychology ............................................................................................ 29
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ................................................................................... 30
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) ........................................................................... 31
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 6: The seeing brain ........................................................................................................ 33
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 33
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 35
From eye to brain........................................................................................................................ 35
Cortical blindness and ‘blindsight’ .............................................................................................. 36
Functional specialization of the visual cortex beyond V1............................................................ 36
Recognizing objects..................................................................................................................... 37
Recognizing faces ........................................................................................................................ 38
Vision imagined........................................................................................................................... 39
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 39
Chapter 7: The attending brain ................................................................................................... 40
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 40
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 41
Spatial and non-spatial attentional process ................................................................................ 41
The role of the parietal lobes in attention .................................................................................. 42
Theories of attention .................................................................................................................. 43
Neglect as a disorder of spatial attention and awareness .......................................................... 44
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 45
Chapter 8: The acting brain ........................................................................................................ 46
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 46
A basic cognitive framework for movement and action ............................................................. 47
The role of the frontal lobes in movement and action................................................................ 48
Planning actions: the SAS model ................................................................................................. 49
Ownership and awareness of actions ......................................................................................... 49
Action comprehension and imitation.......................................................................................... 50
2
, Acting on objects ........................................................................................................................ 50
Preparation and execution of actions ......................................................................................... 51
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 52
Chapter 9: The remembering brain ............................................................................................. 54
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 54
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 55
Short-term and working memory ............................................................................................... 55
Different types of long-term memory ......................................................................................... 56
Amnesia ...................................................................................................................................... 57
Functions of the hippocampus and medial temporal lobes in memory ...................................... 58
Theories of remembering, knowing and forgetting .................................................................... 58
The role of the prefrontal cortex in long-term memory ............................................................. 59
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 60
Chapter 10: The hearing brain .................................................................................................... 62
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 62
The nature of sound .................................................................................................................... 63
From ear to brain ........................................................................................................................ 63
Basic processing of auditory information.................................................................................... 64
Music perception ........................................................................................................................ 65
Voice perception ......................................................................................................................... 67
Speech perception ...................................................................................................................... 67
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 68
Chapter 11: The speaking brain .................................................................................................. 70
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 70
Spoken word recognition ............................................................................................................ 72
Semantic memory and the meaning of words ............................................................................ 73
Understanding and producing sentences ................................................................................... 74
Retrieving and producing spoken words ..................................................................................... 76
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 77
Chapter 14: The executive brain ................................................................................................. 78
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 78
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 79
Anatomical and functional divisions of the prefrontal cortex ..................................................... 79
Executive functions in practice ................................................................................................... 80
The organization of executive functions ..................................................................................... 81
The role of the anterior cingulate in executive functions ........................................................... 83
3
, Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 83
Chapter 15: The social and emotional brain ................................................................................ 85
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 85
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 86
Theories of emotion .................................................................................................................... 86
Neural substrates of emotion processing ................................................................................... 88
Reading faces .............................................................................................................................. 89
Reading minds............................................................................................................................. 89
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 91
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Introducing cognitive neuroscience .............................................................................. 5
Key terms ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6
Cognitive neuroscience in historical perspective .......................................................................... 6
Does cognitive psychology need the brain? .................................................................................. 7
Does neuroscience need cognitive psychology? ........................................................................... 7
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Introducing the brain................................................................................................... 8
Key terms ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Structure and function of the neuron ........................................................................................... 9
The gross organization of the brain ............................................................................................ 11
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 11
The subcortex ............................................................................................................................. 12
The midbrain and hindbrain........................................................................................................ 13
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 13
Chapter 3: The electrophysiological brain ................................................................................... 14
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 14
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 15
In search of neural representations: single-cell recordings......................................................... 15
Electroencephalography and event-related potentials ............................................................... 16
Mental chronometry in electrophysiology and cognitive psychology ......................................... 17
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) ............................................................................................... 18
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 4: The imaged brain ...................................................................................................... 19
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 19
Structural imaging ....................................................................................................................... 20
Functional imaging ...................................................................................................................... 21
From image to cognitive theory: experimental design ............................................................... 23
Analyzing data from functional imaging...................................................................................... 24
Interpreting data from functional imaging.................................................................................. 25
Why do functional imaging data sometimes disagree with lesion data? .................................... 25
Brain-reading: is ‘big brother’ round the corner? ....................................................................... 26
1
, Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 5: The lesioned brain ..................................................................................................... 27
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 27
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 28
Dissociations and associations .................................................................................................... 28
Single-case studies ...................................................................................................................... 28
Group studies and lesion-deficit analysis .................................................................................... 29
Animal models in neuropsychology ............................................................................................ 29
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ................................................................................... 30
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) ........................................................................... 31
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 6: The seeing brain ........................................................................................................ 33
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 33
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 35
From eye to brain........................................................................................................................ 35
Cortical blindness and ‘blindsight’ .............................................................................................. 36
Functional specialization of the visual cortex beyond V1............................................................ 36
Recognizing objects..................................................................................................................... 37
Recognizing faces ........................................................................................................................ 38
Vision imagined........................................................................................................................... 39
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 39
Chapter 7: The attending brain ................................................................................................... 40
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 40
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 41
Spatial and non-spatial attentional process ................................................................................ 41
The role of the parietal lobes in attention .................................................................................. 42
Theories of attention .................................................................................................................. 43
Neglect as a disorder of spatial attention and awareness .......................................................... 44
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 45
Chapter 8: The acting brain ........................................................................................................ 46
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 46
A basic cognitive framework for movement and action ............................................................. 47
The role of the frontal lobes in movement and action................................................................ 48
Planning actions: the SAS model ................................................................................................. 49
Ownership and awareness of actions ......................................................................................... 49
Action comprehension and imitation.......................................................................................... 50
2
, Acting on objects ........................................................................................................................ 50
Preparation and execution of actions ......................................................................................... 51
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 52
Chapter 9: The remembering brain ............................................................................................. 54
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 54
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 55
Short-term and working memory ............................................................................................... 55
Different types of long-term memory ......................................................................................... 56
Amnesia ...................................................................................................................................... 57
Functions of the hippocampus and medial temporal lobes in memory ...................................... 58
Theories of remembering, knowing and forgetting .................................................................... 58
The role of the prefrontal cortex in long-term memory ............................................................. 59
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 60
Chapter 10: The hearing brain .................................................................................................... 62
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 62
The nature of sound .................................................................................................................... 63
From ear to brain ........................................................................................................................ 63
Basic processing of auditory information.................................................................................... 64
Music perception ........................................................................................................................ 65
Voice perception ......................................................................................................................... 67
Speech perception ...................................................................................................................... 67
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 68
Chapter 11: The speaking brain .................................................................................................. 70
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 70
Spoken word recognition ............................................................................................................ 72
Semantic memory and the meaning of words ............................................................................ 73
Understanding and producing sentences ................................................................................... 74
Retrieving and producing spoken words ..................................................................................... 76
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 77
Chapter 14: The executive brain ................................................................................................. 78
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 78
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 79
Anatomical and functional divisions of the prefrontal cortex ..................................................... 79
Executive functions in practice ................................................................................................... 80
The organization of executive functions ..................................................................................... 81
The role of the anterior cingulate in executive functions ........................................................... 83
3
, Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 83
Chapter 15: The social and emotional brain ................................................................................ 85
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 85
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 86
Theories of emotion .................................................................................................................... 86
Neural substrates of emotion processing ................................................................................... 88
Reading faces .............................................................................................................................. 89
Reading minds............................................................................................................................. 89
Summary and key points ............................................................................................................. 91
4
