Summary Organizational Change

According to S&S Organizational change is influenced by

Antwoord: Antwoord: 1. internal systems (input, conversion, output) 2. external environment (PESTLE) and history (different factors for small/big change like agriculture, industrial revolution and international competiveness etc.)

A common way of grouping different environmental factors is:

Antwoord: P: Government legislation, international law, wars, local regulations, taxation E: Competitors, suppliers, employment rates, wage rates, government economic policies S: demographic trends, lifestyle changes, skills availability, gender issues, business ethics T: Information technology, new production processes, changes in transport technology Legal and ecological factors can be considered as well

Organizations operates in at least 3 types of environment, which together make up the total ‘operating environment’:

Antwoord: 1)temporal environment, consists of the historical developments bringing change over time. 2) PEST environment 3) internal environment.

Ansoff & McDonnel (1990) propose five levels of environmental turbulence

Antwoord: 1. predictable: 2. Forecast able by extrapolation: 3. Predictable threats and opportunities: 4. Partially predictable opportunities. 5. Unpredictable surprises.

Environmental turbulence levels of Ansoff & McDonnel can be compared to three different kinds of change situation proposed by Stacey (1996) namely:

Antwoord: -closed change (pattern) -contained change (probability) -open-ended change (no explanation).

Internal and external factors affecting businesses, lifestyles and social structures are:

Antwoord: - Choice: benefits of increasing choices seem unlikely to be shared equally - Falling birth rates and rising longevity - Mobility: increasing - Independence - Creativity - ICT - Technology - Social structures - National competitiveness

The psychological contract (Rousseau and Parks) represents:

Antwoord: ‘an individual’s beliefs regarding terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that person and another party

Shore and Tetrick identify 3 types of contract violation:

Antwoord: - violation of distributive justice (justice not equally divided) - violating of procedural justice (employees not equally promoted) - violating of interactional justice (way of treating unacceptable)

Collaboration is the key to innovation: meta-capability. 3 conditions for collaboration to happen:

Antwoord: 1. Time: people need time to discuss ideas and listen, that might produce fresh ideas 2. Trust: they need to develop strong bonds of trust between each other 3. Territory: people need a sense of territory marking one’s place in the outcomes of the collaborative process.

What is Appreciative Inquiry (AI)?

Antwoord: an organizational change that focuses on the positive psychology generated by asking positive questions rather than concentrating on negative questions and issues.