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Edexcel A-level Government and Politics: Supreme Court, EU and Sovereignty
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this document includes definitions, detailed essay plans, statistics and and key information needed to achieve an A* in A-level politics.
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The Supreme Court, the EU and sovereignty4 Relations 4.1 The Supreme Court and its interactions with, and influence over, the legislative and
between the
branches policy-making processes.
• The role and composition of the Supreme Court.
Key terminology
• The key operating principles of the Supreme Court, including judicial neutrality and judicial
independence and their extent.
• The degree to which the Supreme Court influences both the Executive and Parliament,
including the doctrine of ultra vires and judicial review.
4.2 The relationship between the Executive and Parliament.
• The influence and effectiveness of Parliament in holding the Executive to account.
Supreme Court
Judicial neutrality • The influence and effectiveness of the Executive in attempting to exercise dominance over
Parliament.
Judicial independence
• The extent to which the balance of power between Parliament and the Executive has changed.
Judicial review
Elective dictatorship 4.3 The aims, role and impact of the European Union (EU) on the UK government.
European Union (EU) • The aims of the EU, including the ‘four freedoms’ of the single market, social policy,
Four freedoms (EU) and political and economic union, and the extent to which these have been achieved.
Legal sovereignty • The role of the EU in policy making.
Political sovereignty
Ultra vires • The impact of the EU, including the main effects of at least two EU policies and their
impact on the UK political system and UK policy making.
4.4 The location of sovereignty in the UK political system.
• The distinction between legal sovereignty and political sovereignty.
• The extent to which sovereignty has moved between different branches of government.
• Where sovereignty can now be said to lie in the UK.
, Judicial neutrality: Absence of any form partisanship or commitment; a refusal to ‘take sides’ so that the
decisions that are taken are objective; impartiality
Judicial independence: The constitutional principle that the actions and decisions of judges should not be
influenced by pressure from other branches of government. This allows the Supreme Court to protect citizens
from the unjustified use of power by government and impartially resolve disputes, whether between individuals or
between individuals and the state
Constitutional Reform Act 2005
The CRA introduced a series of reforms that have, and will continue to have major constitutional and judicial
significance. At the heart of these reforms is the creation of a UK Supreme Court. The 12- strong Court replaced
the Law Lords as the highest court in the land. It initially consisted of existing Law Lords but, as justices of the
Supreme Court, they ceased to be members of the House of Lords.
The CRA substantially strengthens the separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and
the judiciary.
Over time, it was becoming increasingly clear that the judiciary was being asked to adjudicate upon
constitutional issues which it was not appropriate for members of the House of Lords to decide.
In the case of R (Jackson) v Attorney-General [2005], the Law Lords had to resolve a dispute
between the House of Commons and House of Lords in relation to whether the use of the Parliament
Acts of 1911 and 1949 by the House of Commons was valid to pass the Hunting Act 2004, which
banned fox hunting. Yet the judges hearing the case were by definition members of the House of Lords.
The second anomaly arose from the office of Lord Chancellor which fused judicial (head of the
judiciary), legislative (presiding officer of the House of Lords) and executive (Cabinet minister) roles.
The system did not appear to uphold the principle of judicial independence. As a result, the roles of the
Lord Chancellor’s office were split to maintain the separation of powers. The post of Lord Chancellor
was merged with that of Secretary of State for Justice, and the post was no longer to be held by a sitting
judge or peer but by an MP. The Lord Chief Justice became the head of the judiciary, and the presiding
officer of the House of Lords is now the Lords Speaker who is elected by members of the Lords.
The CRA addressed long-term concerns about the independence of the judiciary that arose from the
control that ministers exercised over the process of judicial appointments by creating the Judicial
Appointments Commission (JAC).
The JAC was created to select candidates, free from political interference while encouraging diversity in
the range of people available for selection; candidates are chosen based on merit, through free and fair
competition. The JAC appoints judges to courts and tribunals but does not select Justices for the
Supreme Court.
The role of the Court:
Hears appeals on arguable points of law of general public importance
Concentrates on cases of the greatest public and constitutional importance.
Acts as the final court of appeal for all UK civil cases, and criminal cases from England, Wales and
Northern Ireland
Has assumed the role of adjudicating on whether the devolved legislatures and governments and acted
within or exceeded their devolved powers.
How Supreme Court Justices are appointed
Under the CRA, the appointment process for Supreme Court judges works in the following way:
When a vacancy appears on the Court, a selection commission is created. Any potential candidates
must apply for the job and are then interviewed by the Selection Commission.
Candidates must have held judicial high office for at least two years or satisfy the fifteen-year eligibility
condition in terms of their work as a barrister or solicitor.
The commission is chaired by the incumbent President of the Supreme Court, who also nominates a
senior judge who is not on the Supreme Court to sit.
The powers of the Supreme Court:
1)Judicial Review
2)Judicial Review and the HRA
3)Judicial Neutrality and Independence
Judicial Review- the power to review actions taken by public bodies on the grounds that they are ultra
vires and to review Acts of Parliament to see if they are compatible with the Human Rights Act.
The Supreme Court exercises the power of judicial review, allowing the Court to rule on whether a
decision or action taken by a public authority, including a minister, is ultra vires (literally, ‘beyond the
power’, this applies when public bodies have acted illegally because their actions have no
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