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Elections and Referendums Edexcel A- level Government and Politics
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this document includes definitions, detailed essay plans, statistics and and key information needed to achieve an A* in A-level politics.
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Elections and Referendums3.1 Different electoral systems.
Key terminology
• First-past-the-post (FPTP), Additional Member System (AMS), Single Transferable Vote (STV),
and Supplementary Vote (SV).
• The advantages and disadvantages of these different systems.
First-past-the-post (FPTP)
• Comparison of first-past-the-post (FPTP) to a different electoral system in a devolved
Additional Member System
parliament/assembly.
(AMS)
Single Transferable Vote (STV) 3.2 Referendums and how they are used.
Supplementary Vote (SV) • How referendums have been used in the UK and their impact on UK political life since 1997
Safe seat • The case for and against referendums in a representative democracy
Marginal seat 3.3 Electoral system analysis.
Minority government • Debates on why different electoral systems are used in the UK
Coalition government • The impact of the electoral system on the government or type of government appointed
• The impact of different systems on party representation and of electoral systems on
voter choice
, Do elections enhance or hinder UK democracy?
Agree Disagree
Education Elections educate the public as one of its key Elections can also mislead the public with half-truths
functions. Political parties educate the public on and ‘fake news’. Due to the adversarial nature of
key political issues of the day. New ideas and politics, parties rarely acknowledge the positive aspects
policies are proposed, explained and discussed of opposition policies, so instead they seek to convince
during campaigns, and parties inform the the electorate that other parties aren’t telling the truth. For
electorate about current issues and their views example, the slogan ‘Get Brexit Done’ suggested that
on them Brexit would be achieved by voting Conservative in
2019 whereas the reality was more complicated than this,
thus undermining the electorate’s faith and trust in
politicians
Participation and Elections play a crucial role in enabling Elections may not always be successful in upholding
Legitimacy participating which in turn makes elections legitimacy due to FPTP and turnout. Low turnout in
legitimate. Elections uphold legitimacy by general elections has cast a doubt on legitimacy in the
providing a means through which citizens UK political system. Voter apathy may be a way in
‘consent’ to being governed; the act of voting. which disillusioned citizens are withholding consent.
Legitimacy ensures that citizens recognise they Falling support, since the 1970s, for the two
have an obligation to obey the law. Freedom of ‘governing’ parties, may indicate declining levels of
speech and association help to ensure that popular satisfaction with the system
elections are ‘free and fair’
Representation Elections are a vital channel of communication Doubts have been raised regarding the effectiveness
between government and the people. They of elections in ensuring representation. Elections in a
create a link between elected politicians and representative democracy can lead to a lack of trust in
constituents and helps to ensure that the representative process because there is no guarantee
constituents’ concerns are properly articulated that elected representatives will abide by their mandate.
or addressed. Elections make politicians For example, the Lib Dems fought the 2010 General
publicly accountable. When the public are Election with a promise to abolish tuition fees and
dissatisfied with their government, elections are then joined a Coalition Government that raised them
the tool to express this; for example, the dismissal
of the Conservative Party from govt in 1997
First-past-the-post [FPTP]: the electoral system used in UK general elections where the candidate w the
greatest number of votes is elected- the winner is the one w more votes than any other candidate, not
necessarily a majority
Used for elections to the HOC and in England and Wales for local govt
Features
Is a constituency system: there are 650 single-member Parliamentary constituencies in the UK-
aim of a FPTP in the UK is for a party to achieve a majority of seats in order to form a govt
Voters select a single candidate and do so by marking the candidate’s name w an ‘X’ on the ballot
paper- this reflects the principle of ‘one person, one vote’
Constituencies are of roughly equal population size, which is ensured by reviews by the Electoral
Commission + the Boundary Commission
Each constituency returns a single candidate- this is often see as the ‘winner-takes-all’ effect
The winning candidate in a constituency needs only to achieve a plurality of votes- the winner is
thus the candidate w the most votes in their constituency- this may not be above 50% of votes cast- it is
possible for the winning candidate to have fewer votes than the other candidates combined
Marginal seat: seat held w a small majority- marginal seats are important as they are where the outcomes of
elections are decided
Vote concentration and FPTP:
The reason for big disproportionality under FPTP is to do w how votes are spread across the country
Proportional representation [PR]: is the idea that seats should be allocated so that they are in proportion to the
votes cast
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