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Summary Hoofdstuk/Les 11 Current Issues in Historical Perspective
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This document includes my notes from the guest lecture.
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LES 11 – HISTORY IN COURT/JUDGEMENT DAY – JUSTICE AFTER WAR CRIMES• Local link
o Belgium is one of the main sites of WWI – not surprising that it is in Belgium that there were intense
discussion about how we should deal with those responsible for the war
▪ Treaty of Versailles – Not only attempt
▪ Other attempts to establish international tribunal
• Partly led by France, lesser degree by UK
• Belgian diplomats/government tried to bring this tribunal around
• Eventually – Nothing came out of this tribunal
• Establish tribunal and judge upon what had happened to Belgium – War crimes
committed in Belgium (VB – Leuven)
• Fundamental change after WWII – Collective desire for strong, international laws that regulate when and
where countries go into war
o Act of aggression or self-defence
o Deliberately targeting civilians – NOT DONE
o How can countries and their leaders be held responsible if they commit war crimes & start a war
illegally?
INTRODUCTION
• International criminal tribunal for former Yugoslavia – ICTY
o Slobodan Milošević – First sitting head of state to be held accountable
▪ Crimes committed & facilitated during Yugoslavian wars
▪ Acted as his own attorney
▪ Advance his own propaganda & lies
▪ Died in 2006 – Before trial could come to a close
▪ Would he have gotten the punishment he had deserved? – Never left a paper trail & hard to
find direct evidence to many of the war crimes he was accused of
o Effective tribunal – Limited scope
o Only focussing on crimes in Former Yugoslavia
• ICC – 1998 – International Criminal Court
o Based in The Hague (ICTY as well)
o Govern by the Rome Statute
▪ Lay out clearly which crimes it can prosecute (genocide, crimes against humanity,
aggression, war crimes)
▪ Not all countries are subjected to the Rome Statute ! – Not all countries lays in its restriction
o UKRAINE
▪ Russia signed the Rome Statute in 2002 – Never reedified it
• In 2016 – Officially notified UN that Russia would not become part of ICC
o Reputation in global south – Criticized to be only focussing & prosecuting only exclusively African
warlords – Not enough focussed on USA
▪ USA pulled also out of the Rome Statute – Not legal basis to hold US accountable
• Nürnberg came after totally military defeat of Germany & the victory of 4 allies
o Hitler never stood crime – Committed suicide
, INTERNATIONAL LAW
• After any war, quest for justice is important – Creates basis for reconciliation
o Can be seen as warning to commit other war crimes
• United Nations (UN)
o DEFINITION – The legal responsibilities of States in their conduct with each other, and their
treatment of individuals within state boundaries
o Resulted often directly out of WWII
o Documents were drafted
o Aim – Apply international law to a wide range of issues
Human rights, disarmament, forced migration, international crime, conduct of war, treatment of
prisoners, Use of Force, Refugees
• Build on specific definitions – Further explained in following documents
o EXAMPLE – UN Genocide Convention (1948)
▪ Ratified in 1951
▪ Decision to make genocide punishable by international law
▪ Clear definition of what constituted genocide
Genocide is directed against the national group as an entity and the actions involved are
directed against individuals, not in their individual capacity, but as members of the national
group
• Directly shaped by Holocaust
• Raphael Lemkin
▪ Problems in 1945 – Even though there was a wide spread understanding that Nazi-Germany
as a country, and individuals, had to be held accountable for the crimes, no legal basis to do
so
• No legal framework of international law or international court to prosecute anyone
• Most of the things/crimes that were committed were legal under the reign of the
Nazi’s
CONCLUSION – NO INTERNATIONAL LAWS/COURT BEFORE WWII
NÜRNBERG TRIALS
• Held by 4 allied powers – UK, US, France, SU
o On territory on former enemy
• Milestone in international criminal law – First time that individuals were held accountable for war crimes
• Paved the way to establish the permanent ICC
• Deliberately chosen – Place where Hitler had held his NSGWP parties
• In 1942 – Allied declared that they intended to punish them
o First idea – execute them
o Later – Establish trial instead & help educate German society by bringing to light what had happened
• Each allied power supplied a judge, prosecution team, alternate judge
• 24 political and military economic leaders Nazi-Germany were prosecuted
o Not all appeared, some couldn’t be found
o Himmler, Hitler, … - Committed suicide before trial
• Focussed on 3 main crimes
o Crimes against peace
o War crimes
o Crimes against humanity
• Hold representatives responsible for fundamental crimes
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