Samenvatting 'Health Psychology' - Sarafino & Smith | 8e druk
2.6 The immune system .................................................. 30
3. Stress: it's meaning, impact, and sources.................... 35
3.1 Experiencing stress in our lives .................................. 35
3.2 Biopsychosocial aspects of stress ............................... 38
3.3 Sources of stress throughout life ............................... 42
3.4 Measuring stress ....................................................... 45
3.5 Can stress be good for you?....................................... 47
4. Stress, biopsychosocial factors, and illness ................. 49
4.1 Psychosocial modifiers of stress ................................. 49
4.2 How stress affects health........................................... 57
4.3 Psychophysiological diseases ..................................... 60
4.4 Stress and cardiovascular disorders ........................... 62
4.5 Stress and cancer ...................................................... 64
5. Coping with and reducing stress ................................. 65
5.1 Coping with stress ..................................................... 65
5.2 Reducing the potential for stress ............................... 68
5.3 Reducing stress reactions: stress management .......... 69
Inhoudsopgave 5.4 Using stress management to reduce coronary risk ..... 73
6. Health-related behavior and health promotion .......... 75
6.1 Health and behavior .................................................. 75
1. An Overview of Psychology and Health ........................ 3
6.2 What determines people's health-related behavior?.. 79
1.1 What is Health?........................................................... 3
6.3 Developmental, gender, and sociocultural factors in
1.2 Viewpoints from history: physiology, disease processes,
health ............................................................................. 84
and the mind .................................................................... 3
6.4 Programs for health promotion ................................. 87
1.3 Seeing a need: psychology's role in health ................... 4
7. Substance use and abuse ............................................ 93
1.4 Current perspectives on health and illness................... 7
7.1 Substance abuse ....................................................... 93
1.5.1 Related scientific fields ............................................. 8
7.2 Smoking tobacco ....................................................... 95
1.5.2 Health and psychology across cultures...................... 9
7.3 Alcohol use and abuse ............................................... 99
1.6 Research methods..................................................... 10
7.4 Drug use and abuse ................................................. 101
2. The body's physical systems ....................................... 15
7.5 Reducing substance use and abuse .......................... 102
2.1 The nervous system .................................................. 15
8. Nutrition, weight control and diet, exercise, and
2.2 The endocrine system ............................................... 20
safety ........................................................................... 108
2.3 The digestive system ................................................. 22
8.1 Nutrition ................................................................. 108
2.4 The respiratory system .............................................. 24
8.2 Weight control and diet........................................... 112
2.5 The cardiovascular system......................................... 26
8.3 Exercise ................................................................... 121
,8.4 Safety ..................................................................... 124 12.4 Hypnosis and interpersonal therapy ...................... 167
9. Using health services ................................................ 126 12.5 Physcial and stimulation therapies for pain ............ 167
9.1 Types of health services .......................................... 126 12.6 Pain clinics............................................................. 169
9.2 Perceiving and interpreting symptoms .................... 126 13. Serious and disabling chronic illnesses.................... 170
9.3 Using and misusing health services .......................... 128 13.1 Adjusting to a chronic illness.................................. 170
9.4 The patient-practitioner relationship ....................... 131 13.2 Impacts of different chronic conditions .................. 172
9.5 Compliance: adhering to medical advice .................. 133 13.3 Psychosocial interventions for people with chronic
9.6 Focusing on prevention ........................................... 137 conditions ..................................................................... 183
10. In the hospital: the setting, procedures, and effects on 14. Heart disease, stroke, cancer, and AIDS .................. 186
patients ........................................................................ 138 14.1 Coping with and adapting to high-mortality illness . 186
10.1 The hospital: its history, setting, and procedures ... 138 14.2 Heart disease ........................................................ 186
10.2 Being hospitalized ................................................. 138 14.3 Stroke ................................................................... 190
10.3 Emotional adjustment in the hospital .................... 140 14.4 Cancer ................................................................... 192
10.4 How health psychologists assist hospitalized 14.5 AIDS ...................................................................... 197
patients ........................................................................ 144 14.6 The survivors: and life goes on ............................... 198
10.5 When the illness is terminal................................... 145
11. The nature and symptoms of pain .......................... 149 Extra leerstof
11.1 What is pain? ........................................................ 149
Digitale werkboek: theorie interventiecyclus ................. 200
11.2 Theories of pain .................................................... 152
Reader 'Gezondheidsvoorlichting en
11.3 Biopsychosocial aspects of pain ............................. 154
gedragsverandering' ..................................................... 202
11.4 Assessing people's pain ......................................... 158
4.4 De meest gebruikte modellen en theorieën ............. 202
11.5 Pain in children ..................................................... 160
4.5 Sociaalcognitieve gedragsverklaringsmodellen......... 202
12. Managing and controlling clinical pain ................... 161
Gezondheidszorg in Nederland: studietaak 11.2 ............ 205
12.1 Clinical pain ........................................................... 161
12.2 Medical treatment for pain ................................... 162
12.3 Behavioral and cognitive methods for treating
pain .............................................................................. 164
, 1. An Overview of Psychology and Health
1.1 What is Health? (p. 2-5)
health
- a positive state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not simply the absence of injury or
disease, that varies over time along a continuum
diseases
dietary diseases
- result from malnutrition (e.g. beriberi is caused by a lack for vitamin B1)
infectious diseases
- acute illnesses caused by harmful matter or microorganisms (bacteria, viruses)
- in developing countries lower respiratory infections such a pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrheal
diseases, and HIV/AIDS are still the main cause of death
- decrease of deaths by the end of the 19th century caused by preventive measures (more than from
advances in medical treatment) such as improved personal hygiene, greater resstance to diseases
(better nutrition), and public health innovations (water purification, sewage treatment facilities)
chronic diseases
- degenerative illnesses (heart disease, cancer, stroke); develop or persist over a long period of time
- causes: (1) more people today survive to old age, and chronic diseases are more likely to afflict older
than younger individuals; (2) growth of industrialization increases people's stress and exposure to
harmful chemicals
causes of death in childhood/adolescence
- main cause: accidental injuries, followed by: homicide, suicide, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases
1.2 Viewpoints from history: physiology, disease processes, and the mind (p. 5-7)
psychology, disease processes and the mind
- early cultures: mental illness were caused by mystical forces, such as evil spirits; trephination:
making holes in the skull with sharp stone tools, to allow illness-causing demons to leave the head
- ancient Greece and Rome: body contains four fluids (humors): when the mixture is harmonious we
are in state of health; Plato: the mind has little of no relationship to the body and its state of health
(mind/body problem); Galen: illnesses can be localized, and different diseases have different effects
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 3
,- Middle Ages: the influence of the Church in slowing the development of medical knowledge was
enormous ("a human being is a creature with a soul, possessed of a free will which set him apart
from ordinary natural laws, subject only to his own willfulness and perhaps the will of God; such a
creature, being free willed, cannot be an object of scientific investigation")
- Renaissance: rebirth of inquiry, culture, and politics: scholars become more 'human-centered' than
'God-centered' in their search for the truth; Descartes: (1) the mind and the body are separate
entities; (2) the body is a machine; (3) the mind and the body can communicate through the pineal
gland; (4) animals have no soul, and the soul in humans leaves the body at death; meant that
dissection could be an acceptable method of study, a point the Church was now ready to concede
- 18th/19th century: knowledge in science and medicine grew quickly; once scientists learned the
basics of how the body functioned and discovered that microorganisms cause certain diseases, they
rejected the humoral theory of illness
biomedical model
- all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes, which
result from injury, biochemical inbalances, bacterial or viral infection, and the like
- disease is an affliction of the body; is separate from the psychological, social processes of the mind
- became widely accepted during the 19th/20th century; still represents the dominant view today
1.3 Seeing a need: psychology's role in health (p. 7-13)
lifestyle and illness
risk factors
- characteristics or conditions associated with the development of a disease or injury
- some are biological, others are behavioral (smoking cigarettes, eating diets high in saturated fat)
- are associated with a health problem, but do not necessarily cause the problem
- risk factors vs. causes of death: (1) heart disease: smoking, high dietary cholesterol, obesity, lack of
excercise; (2) cancer: smoking, high alcohol use, diet; (3) stroke: smoking, high dietary cholesterol,
lack of excercise; (4) COPD (chronic lung diseases): smoking; (5) accidents: alcohol/drug use
- part of the high medical costs result from people's lifestyles that contribute to their health problems
lifestyle vs health: behavior matters
- important aspects on lifestyle: (1) sleeping, (2) eating breakfast, (3) eating between meals, (4)
maintaining weight, (5) smoking cigarettes, (6) drinking alcohol, (7) getting physical activity
- at each age group health is typically better as the number of healthful practises increase
- health of people who follow all seven good health practises is about the same as those 30 years
younger who follow few or none of those practises
- people's practicing of healthful behaviors can reduce their risk of illnes and early death substantially
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 4
,reasons why people don't do what's good for them
- 1. less healthful behaviors often bring immediate pleasure; long-range negative consequences seem
remote, both in time and in likelihood; but pleasurable lifestyles can benefit health: engaging in
enjoyable activities, such as vacationing or attending concerts, may lead to better health
- 2. people may feel social pressure to engage in unhealthful behavior
- 3. some behaviors can become very strong habits, perhaps involving a physical addiction or
psychological dependency, as happens with drugs/cigarettes; quitting them becomes very difficult
- 4. sometimes people are simply not aware of the dangers involved or how to change their behavior;
these people need information about ways to protect their health
personality and illness
- personality: refers to a person's cognitive, affective, or behavioral tendencies that are fairly stable
across time and situations
personality traits vs health (people with..)
- low levels of conscientiousness measured in childhood or adulthood: are more likely to die at earlier
ages, such as from cardiovascular diseases
- high levels of positive emotions (happiness, enthusiasm): tend to live longer
- high levels of anxiety, depression, hostility, pessimism: are at risk for dying early and developing a
variety of illnesses, particularly heart disease
effects from illness on personality
- people who suffer from serious illness and disability often experience feelings of anxiety,
depression, anger, and hopelessness
- even minor health problems (flu, toothache) produce temporary negative thoughts and feeling
- people who are ill and overcome their negative thoughts and feelings can speed their recovery
conversion hysteria (Sigmund Freud)
- physical symptoms with no detectable organic disorder that are 'converted' from unconscious
emotional conflicts (e.g. glove anesthesia: symptom where one hand has no feeling)
- occurs less often in urban than in backwood areas
- the need to understand these kind of conditions led to the development of psychosomatic medicine,
the first field dedicated to studying the interplay between emotional life and bodily processes
psychosomatic medicine (formed in the 1930s)
- does not mean a person's symptoms are 'imaginary'; it means that mind and body are both involved
- early research in psychosomatic medicine focused on psychoanalytic interpretations for specific,
real health problems
- it is currently a broader field concerned with interrelationships among psychological and social
factors, biological and physiological functions, and the development and course of illness
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 5
,behavioral medicine (formed in the 1970s)
- formed an organization called Society of Behavioral Medicine; its membership is interdisciplinary,
coming from a wide variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, and various areas of medicine
- grew out of the perspective in psychology called behaviorism
behaviorism
- proposes that people's behavior results from two types of learning:
- 1. classical (or respondent) conditioning: in which a stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) gains the
ability to elict a response through association with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that
already elicits that response
- 2. operant conditioning: in which behavior is changed because of its consequences: reinforcement
(reward) strengthens the behavior, punishment suppresses it
- conditioning methods has shown a good deal of success as therapeutic approaches in helping
people modify problem behaviors, such as overeating, and emotions, such as anxiety and fear
findings
- psychological events, particularly emotions, influence bodily functions, such a blood pressure
- people can learn to control various physiological systems if they are given feedback as to what the
systems are doing
biofeedback
- technique whereby a person's physiological processes, such as blood pressure, are monitored by the
person so that he or she can gain voluntary control over them
- this process involves operant conditioning: the feedback serves as reinforcement
health psychology (goals)
- 1. to promote and maintain health: health psychologists study such topics as why people do and do
not smoke cigarettes, exercise, drink alcohol, and eat particular diets
- 2. to prevent and treat illness: psychological principles have been applied effectively in preventing
illness (e.g. high blood pressure); for people who become seriously ill, psychologists with clinical
training can help them adjust to the current condition, rehabilitation program and future prospects
- 3. to identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction: health
psychologists study the causes of health, and also physiological and perceptual processes, which
affect people's experience of physical symptoms
- 4. to analyse and improve health care systems and health policy: health psychologists contribute to
this goal by studying and advising medical professionals on ways by which characteristics or
functions of hospitals, nursing homes, medical personnel, and medical costs affect patients and
their likelihood of following medical advice
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 6
,psychomatic vs behavioral vs health
- psychomatic medicine: includes physicians and behavioral scientists; continues to be closely tied to
medical disciplines, including application of psychiatry to understanding and treating physical illness
- behavioral medicine: tends to focus on interventions that promote healthy lifestyles without using
drugs or surgery
- health psychology: based in psychology and draws heavily on other psychogy subfields (clinical,
social, developmental, experimental, and physiological) to identify and alter lifestyle and emotional
processes that lead to illness, and to improve functioning and recovery for people who are sick
- all three fields share the view that health and illness result from the interplay of biological,
psychological, and social forces
health psychology (profession)
- provide direct help to patients or give indirect help through research, teaching, consulting activities
- direct help: releates to patient's psychological adjustment to, and management of, health problems
- indirect help: through research that provides information about lifestyle and personality factors in
illness and injury
1.4 Current perspectives on health and illness (p. 13-16)
biopsychosocial model
- expands the biomedical model view by adding to biological factors connections to psychological and
social factors; model proposes that all three factors affect and are affected by the person's health
biological factors
- includes the genetic materials and processes by which we inherit characteristics from our parents
- also includes the function and structure of the person's physiology
psychological factors
- cognition: a mental activity that encompasses perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking,
interpreting, believing, and problem solving
- emotion: a subjective feeling that affects, and is affected by, our thoughts, behavior, and physiology
- motivation: the process within individuals that gets them to start some activity, choose its direction,
and persists in it; people are motivated to do what important people in their lives want them to do
social factors
- people live in a social world; as we interact with people, we affect them and they affect us
- social processes can provide clear and powerful motivational forces
- society: affects health of individuals by promoting certain values of our culture; mass media often
reflect these values by setting good examples, but sometimes they encourage unhealthful behavior
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 7
, - community: consists of individuals who live fairly near one another, and organizations; communities
differ in the extent to which their members practice certain health-related behaviors
- family: closest and most continuous social relationships for most people; children learn many
health-related behaviors and ideas from their parents, brothers and sisters
holistic approach
- considers all aspects of people's lives in understanding health and illness
system
- dynamic entity with components that are continously interrelated (e.g. body, family)
life-span perspective
- characteristics of a person are considered with respect to their prior development, currrent level,
and likely development in the future
- health and illness characteristics vary with development (e.g. age related illnesses)
gender perspective
- even for the same illness, males and females may differ in the factors that affect it, its main
symptoms, and the course of the disease over time
1.5.1 Related scientific fields (p. 17-19)
medicine
- to understand how psychological factors can influence health and illness and how illness influences
psychological outcomes, we must have a basic understanding of the body's healthy and unhealthy
functioning: (1) make use of findings from biomedical research; (2) see new points of connection
between behavior and health; (3) help improve medical care
- to offer useful ideas toward improving mecial care, we must know what the usual medical tests and
treatments are for the various diseases and medical conditions and how that care is delivered
- to understand how medical conditions can affect patient's psychological and social functioning, it is
essential to understand their experience of the condition, its likely course, and the procedures they
will undergo during typical medical care
epidemiology
- the scientific study of the distribution and frequency of disease and injury
- researchers in this field determine the occurrence of illness in a given population and organize these
data in terms of when the disease or injury occurred, where, and to which age, gender, and racial or
cultural groups; then they attempt to discover why specific illnesses are distributed as they are
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 8
2.6 The immune system .................................................. 30
3. Stress: it's meaning, impact, and sources.................... 35
3.1 Experiencing stress in our lives .................................. 35
3.2 Biopsychosocial aspects of stress ............................... 38
3.3 Sources of stress throughout life ............................... 42
3.4 Measuring stress ....................................................... 45
3.5 Can stress be good for you?....................................... 47
4. Stress, biopsychosocial factors, and illness ................. 49
4.1 Psychosocial modifiers of stress ................................. 49
4.2 How stress affects health........................................... 57
4.3 Psychophysiological diseases ..................................... 60
4.4 Stress and cardiovascular disorders ........................... 62
4.5 Stress and cancer ...................................................... 64
5. Coping with and reducing stress ................................. 65
5.1 Coping with stress ..................................................... 65
5.2 Reducing the potential for stress ............................... 68
5.3 Reducing stress reactions: stress management .......... 69
Inhoudsopgave 5.4 Using stress management to reduce coronary risk ..... 73
6. Health-related behavior and health promotion .......... 75
6.1 Health and behavior .................................................. 75
1. An Overview of Psychology and Health ........................ 3
6.2 What determines people's health-related behavior?.. 79
1.1 What is Health?........................................................... 3
6.3 Developmental, gender, and sociocultural factors in
1.2 Viewpoints from history: physiology, disease processes,
health ............................................................................. 84
and the mind .................................................................... 3
6.4 Programs for health promotion ................................. 87
1.3 Seeing a need: psychology's role in health ................... 4
7. Substance use and abuse ............................................ 93
1.4 Current perspectives on health and illness................... 7
7.1 Substance abuse ....................................................... 93
1.5.1 Related scientific fields ............................................. 8
7.2 Smoking tobacco ....................................................... 95
1.5.2 Health and psychology across cultures...................... 9
7.3 Alcohol use and abuse ............................................... 99
1.6 Research methods..................................................... 10
7.4 Drug use and abuse ................................................. 101
2. The body's physical systems ....................................... 15
7.5 Reducing substance use and abuse .......................... 102
2.1 The nervous system .................................................. 15
8. Nutrition, weight control and diet, exercise, and
2.2 The endocrine system ............................................... 20
safety ........................................................................... 108
2.3 The digestive system ................................................. 22
8.1 Nutrition ................................................................. 108
2.4 The respiratory system .............................................. 24
8.2 Weight control and diet........................................... 112
2.5 The cardiovascular system......................................... 26
8.3 Exercise ................................................................... 121
,8.4 Safety ..................................................................... 124 12.4 Hypnosis and interpersonal therapy ...................... 167
9. Using health services ................................................ 126 12.5 Physcial and stimulation therapies for pain ............ 167
9.1 Types of health services .......................................... 126 12.6 Pain clinics............................................................. 169
9.2 Perceiving and interpreting symptoms .................... 126 13. Serious and disabling chronic illnesses.................... 170
9.3 Using and misusing health services .......................... 128 13.1 Adjusting to a chronic illness.................................. 170
9.4 The patient-practitioner relationship ....................... 131 13.2 Impacts of different chronic conditions .................. 172
9.5 Compliance: adhering to medical advice .................. 133 13.3 Psychosocial interventions for people with chronic
9.6 Focusing on prevention ........................................... 137 conditions ..................................................................... 183
10. In the hospital: the setting, procedures, and effects on 14. Heart disease, stroke, cancer, and AIDS .................. 186
patients ........................................................................ 138 14.1 Coping with and adapting to high-mortality illness . 186
10.1 The hospital: its history, setting, and procedures ... 138 14.2 Heart disease ........................................................ 186
10.2 Being hospitalized ................................................. 138 14.3 Stroke ................................................................... 190
10.3 Emotional adjustment in the hospital .................... 140 14.4 Cancer ................................................................... 192
10.4 How health psychologists assist hospitalized 14.5 AIDS ...................................................................... 197
patients ........................................................................ 144 14.6 The survivors: and life goes on ............................... 198
10.5 When the illness is terminal................................... 145
11. The nature and symptoms of pain .......................... 149 Extra leerstof
11.1 What is pain? ........................................................ 149
Digitale werkboek: theorie interventiecyclus ................. 200
11.2 Theories of pain .................................................... 152
Reader 'Gezondheidsvoorlichting en
11.3 Biopsychosocial aspects of pain ............................. 154
gedragsverandering' ..................................................... 202
11.4 Assessing people's pain ......................................... 158
4.4 De meest gebruikte modellen en theorieën ............. 202
11.5 Pain in children ..................................................... 160
4.5 Sociaalcognitieve gedragsverklaringsmodellen......... 202
12. Managing and controlling clinical pain ................... 161
Gezondheidszorg in Nederland: studietaak 11.2 ............ 205
12.1 Clinical pain ........................................................... 161
12.2 Medical treatment for pain ................................... 162
12.3 Behavioral and cognitive methods for treating
pain .............................................................................. 164
, 1. An Overview of Psychology and Health
1.1 What is Health? (p. 2-5)
health
- a positive state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not simply the absence of injury or
disease, that varies over time along a continuum
diseases
dietary diseases
- result from malnutrition (e.g. beriberi is caused by a lack for vitamin B1)
infectious diseases
- acute illnesses caused by harmful matter or microorganisms (bacteria, viruses)
- in developing countries lower respiratory infections such a pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrheal
diseases, and HIV/AIDS are still the main cause of death
- decrease of deaths by the end of the 19th century caused by preventive measures (more than from
advances in medical treatment) such as improved personal hygiene, greater resstance to diseases
(better nutrition), and public health innovations (water purification, sewage treatment facilities)
chronic diseases
- degenerative illnesses (heart disease, cancer, stroke); develop or persist over a long period of time
- causes: (1) more people today survive to old age, and chronic diseases are more likely to afflict older
than younger individuals; (2) growth of industrialization increases people's stress and exposure to
harmful chemicals
causes of death in childhood/adolescence
- main cause: accidental injuries, followed by: homicide, suicide, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases
1.2 Viewpoints from history: physiology, disease processes, and the mind (p. 5-7)
psychology, disease processes and the mind
- early cultures: mental illness were caused by mystical forces, such as evil spirits; trephination:
making holes in the skull with sharp stone tools, to allow illness-causing demons to leave the head
- ancient Greece and Rome: body contains four fluids (humors): when the mixture is harmonious we
are in state of health; Plato: the mind has little of no relationship to the body and its state of health
(mind/body problem); Galen: illnesses can be localized, and different diseases have different effects
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 3
,- Middle Ages: the influence of the Church in slowing the development of medical knowledge was
enormous ("a human being is a creature with a soul, possessed of a free will which set him apart
from ordinary natural laws, subject only to his own willfulness and perhaps the will of God; such a
creature, being free willed, cannot be an object of scientific investigation")
- Renaissance: rebirth of inquiry, culture, and politics: scholars become more 'human-centered' than
'God-centered' in their search for the truth; Descartes: (1) the mind and the body are separate
entities; (2) the body is a machine; (3) the mind and the body can communicate through the pineal
gland; (4) animals have no soul, and the soul in humans leaves the body at death; meant that
dissection could be an acceptable method of study, a point the Church was now ready to concede
- 18th/19th century: knowledge in science and medicine grew quickly; once scientists learned the
basics of how the body functioned and discovered that microorganisms cause certain diseases, they
rejected the humoral theory of illness
biomedical model
- all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes, which
result from injury, biochemical inbalances, bacterial or viral infection, and the like
- disease is an affliction of the body; is separate from the psychological, social processes of the mind
- became widely accepted during the 19th/20th century; still represents the dominant view today
1.3 Seeing a need: psychology's role in health (p. 7-13)
lifestyle and illness
risk factors
- characteristics or conditions associated with the development of a disease or injury
- some are biological, others are behavioral (smoking cigarettes, eating diets high in saturated fat)
- are associated with a health problem, but do not necessarily cause the problem
- risk factors vs. causes of death: (1) heart disease: smoking, high dietary cholesterol, obesity, lack of
excercise; (2) cancer: smoking, high alcohol use, diet; (3) stroke: smoking, high dietary cholesterol,
lack of excercise; (4) COPD (chronic lung diseases): smoking; (5) accidents: alcohol/drug use
- part of the high medical costs result from people's lifestyles that contribute to their health problems
lifestyle vs health: behavior matters
- important aspects on lifestyle: (1) sleeping, (2) eating breakfast, (3) eating between meals, (4)
maintaining weight, (5) smoking cigarettes, (6) drinking alcohol, (7) getting physical activity
- at each age group health is typically better as the number of healthful practises increase
- health of people who follow all seven good health practises is about the same as those 30 years
younger who follow few or none of those practises
- people's practicing of healthful behaviors can reduce their risk of illnes and early death substantially
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 4
,reasons why people don't do what's good for them
- 1. less healthful behaviors often bring immediate pleasure; long-range negative consequences seem
remote, both in time and in likelihood; but pleasurable lifestyles can benefit health: engaging in
enjoyable activities, such as vacationing or attending concerts, may lead to better health
- 2. people may feel social pressure to engage in unhealthful behavior
- 3. some behaviors can become very strong habits, perhaps involving a physical addiction or
psychological dependency, as happens with drugs/cigarettes; quitting them becomes very difficult
- 4. sometimes people are simply not aware of the dangers involved or how to change their behavior;
these people need information about ways to protect their health
personality and illness
- personality: refers to a person's cognitive, affective, or behavioral tendencies that are fairly stable
across time and situations
personality traits vs health (people with..)
- low levels of conscientiousness measured in childhood or adulthood: are more likely to die at earlier
ages, such as from cardiovascular diseases
- high levels of positive emotions (happiness, enthusiasm): tend to live longer
- high levels of anxiety, depression, hostility, pessimism: are at risk for dying early and developing a
variety of illnesses, particularly heart disease
effects from illness on personality
- people who suffer from serious illness and disability often experience feelings of anxiety,
depression, anger, and hopelessness
- even minor health problems (flu, toothache) produce temporary negative thoughts and feeling
- people who are ill and overcome their negative thoughts and feelings can speed their recovery
conversion hysteria (Sigmund Freud)
- physical symptoms with no detectable organic disorder that are 'converted' from unconscious
emotional conflicts (e.g. glove anesthesia: symptom where one hand has no feeling)
- occurs less often in urban than in backwood areas
- the need to understand these kind of conditions led to the development of psychosomatic medicine,
the first field dedicated to studying the interplay between emotional life and bodily processes
psychosomatic medicine (formed in the 1930s)
- does not mean a person's symptoms are 'imaginary'; it means that mind and body are both involved
- early research in psychosomatic medicine focused on psychoanalytic interpretations for specific,
real health problems
- it is currently a broader field concerned with interrelationships among psychological and social
factors, biological and physiological functions, and the development and course of illness
___________________________________________________________________________________
S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 5
,behavioral medicine (formed in the 1970s)
- formed an organization called Society of Behavioral Medicine; its membership is interdisciplinary,
coming from a wide variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, and various areas of medicine
- grew out of the perspective in psychology called behaviorism
behaviorism
- proposes that people's behavior results from two types of learning:
- 1. classical (or respondent) conditioning: in which a stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) gains the
ability to elict a response through association with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that
already elicits that response
- 2. operant conditioning: in which behavior is changed because of its consequences: reinforcement
(reward) strengthens the behavior, punishment suppresses it
- conditioning methods has shown a good deal of success as therapeutic approaches in helping
people modify problem behaviors, such as overeating, and emotions, such as anxiety and fear
findings
- psychological events, particularly emotions, influence bodily functions, such a blood pressure
- people can learn to control various physiological systems if they are given feedback as to what the
systems are doing
biofeedback
- technique whereby a person's physiological processes, such as blood pressure, are monitored by the
person so that he or she can gain voluntary control over them
- this process involves operant conditioning: the feedback serves as reinforcement
health psychology (goals)
- 1. to promote and maintain health: health psychologists study such topics as why people do and do
not smoke cigarettes, exercise, drink alcohol, and eat particular diets
- 2. to prevent and treat illness: psychological principles have been applied effectively in preventing
illness (e.g. high blood pressure); for people who become seriously ill, psychologists with clinical
training can help them adjust to the current condition, rehabilitation program and future prospects
- 3. to identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction: health
psychologists study the causes of health, and also physiological and perceptual processes, which
affect people's experience of physical symptoms
- 4. to analyse and improve health care systems and health policy: health psychologists contribute to
this goal by studying and advising medical professionals on ways by which characteristics or
functions of hospitals, nursing homes, medical personnel, and medical costs affect patients and
their likelihood of following medical advice
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S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 6
,psychomatic vs behavioral vs health
- psychomatic medicine: includes physicians and behavioral scientists; continues to be closely tied to
medical disciplines, including application of psychiatry to understanding and treating physical illness
- behavioral medicine: tends to focus on interventions that promote healthy lifestyles without using
drugs or surgery
- health psychology: based in psychology and draws heavily on other psychogy subfields (clinical,
social, developmental, experimental, and physiological) to identify and alter lifestyle and emotional
processes that lead to illness, and to improve functioning and recovery for people who are sick
- all three fields share the view that health and illness result from the interplay of biological,
psychological, and social forces
health psychology (profession)
- provide direct help to patients or give indirect help through research, teaching, consulting activities
- direct help: releates to patient's psychological adjustment to, and management of, health problems
- indirect help: through research that provides information about lifestyle and personality factors in
illness and injury
1.4 Current perspectives on health and illness (p. 13-16)
biopsychosocial model
- expands the biomedical model view by adding to biological factors connections to psychological and
social factors; model proposes that all three factors affect and are affected by the person's health
biological factors
- includes the genetic materials and processes by which we inherit characteristics from our parents
- also includes the function and structure of the person's physiology
psychological factors
- cognition: a mental activity that encompasses perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking,
interpreting, believing, and problem solving
- emotion: a subjective feeling that affects, and is affected by, our thoughts, behavior, and physiology
- motivation: the process within individuals that gets them to start some activity, choose its direction,
and persists in it; people are motivated to do what important people in their lives want them to do
social factors
- people live in a social world; as we interact with people, we affect them and they affect us
- social processes can provide clear and powerful motivational forces
- society: affects health of individuals by promoting certain values of our culture; mass media often
reflect these values by setting good examples, but sometimes they encourage unhealthful behavior
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S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 7
, - community: consists of individuals who live fairly near one another, and organizations; communities
differ in the extent to which their members practice certain health-related behaviors
- family: closest and most continuous social relationships for most people; children learn many
health-related behaviors and ideas from their parents, brothers and sisters
holistic approach
- considers all aspects of people's lives in understanding health and illness
system
- dynamic entity with components that are continously interrelated (e.g. body, family)
life-span perspective
- characteristics of a person are considered with respect to their prior development, currrent level,
and likely development in the future
- health and illness characteristics vary with development (e.g. age related illnesses)
gender perspective
- even for the same illness, males and females may differ in the factors that affect it, its main
symptoms, and the course of the disease over time
1.5.1 Related scientific fields (p. 17-19)
medicine
- to understand how psychological factors can influence health and illness and how illness influences
psychological outcomes, we must have a basic understanding of the body's healthy and unhealthy
functioning: (1) make use of findings from biomedical research; (2) see new points of connection
between behavior and health; (3) help improve medical care
- to offer useful ideas toward improving mecial care, we must know what the usual medical tests and
treatments are for the various diseases and medical conditions and how that care is delivered
- to understand how medical conditions can affect patient's psychological and social functioning, it is
essential to understand their experience of the condition, its likely course, and the procedures they
will undergo during typical medical care
epidemiology
- the scientific study of the distribution and frequency of disease and injury
- researchers in this field determine the occurrence of illness in a given population and organize these
data in terms of when the disease or injury occurred, where, and to which age, gender, and racial or
cultural groups; then they attempt to discover why specific illnesses are distributed as they are
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S60341-Gezondheidspsychologie: Health Psychology (8e druk) | september 2016 | Jasper Verkroost 8
