Summary Industrial and Agricultural Change notes, essay plans and topic summaries
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Unit 1E - Russia, 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
Detailed notes, essay plans, and summaries for the topic Industrial and Agricultural Change - achieved an A* in 2022.
Only information from 1917-53 (all that was examined in 2022)
Contains a link to my quizlet for this topic ;)
• A series of decrees – Decree on Land (gave peasants right to seize land from nobility and
church), decree on workers control 1917 (placed control on factories with the workers), 27
December all private banks nationalised.
• Workers councils voted to give themselves massive pay rises & managers + those with
technical expertise dismissed violently economic decline
• Therefore, in 1917, Vesenkha was set up
• Civil war meant Lenin needed to distribute food and resources to Red ArmyWar
Communism
• Key features of war communism – Nationalisation of all industry, reintroduction of
hierarchical structures in industry, harsh military style discipline inc. Death penalty for those who
went on strike, private trading banned, money replaced with bartering, forcible requisitioning of
food using 150,000 Bolshevik volunteers, introduction of rationing
• Poor social & economic situation, deterioration of political position of the Bolsheviks NEP
• Why was the NEP introduced in 1921? Industry was at a virtual standstill e.g., heavy industry
13% of 1913 level, unpopularity of war communism e.g., Tambov Rising 1921 50,000 red army
troops sent in & Kronstadt mutiny revolt of sailors outside Petrograd.
• Key features on the NEP – end of requisitioning, no forced collectivisation, small scale
business returned to private hands, introduction of piecework and bonuses in factories,
reintroduced currency, legalisation of private trading, development of nepmen
• How successful was the NEP? Industrial output rose dramatically, however corruption
flourished and not an ideological success. Furthermore, the low prices of grain stopped peasants
growing it imbalance of agricultural and industrial prices ‘scissors crisis’
5 YEAR PLANS
• Aimed to achieve industrialisation.
• Formulated by Gosplan, who set targets for production
• Accompanied by propaganda campaigns
Reasons for the plans
• Ideology – abolish capitalism and lay foundation for socialism
• Industrialisation – NEP had failed to do this
• Military – industrialise to prepare for war with capitalist nations
, • Political – won support from left-wing of the party
Aims
• Build heavy industry – new factories for steel and iron
• From 1936 rearmament was a priority
Achievements
• Stalin’s first 3 plans succeeded in industrialising
• Over the 3 plans electricity output increased almost 10 x, coal, and steel 5x and oil
production 3x
• 4th 5-year plan saw the growth of transport infrastructure – Moscow metro 1935 & Volga
canal 1937
• Low labour productivity for 1st plan Stakhanovite movement. Propaganda campaign
praising Alexei Stakhanov, who mined 14x his quota in a single shift. System of higher pay for more
productive workers.
• Productivity grew by 25% - 50% in major industries. Still lagged behind USA, Germany France
etc
• Rearmament – by 1940, 1/3 of gov spending devoted to the military. Successful construction
of 9 military aircraft factories
• Quality low – targets for quantity
• Efficiency – around 40% of total production wasted.
• Unrealistic targets – managers lied about production levels to avoid punishment & falsified
data made planning even more difficult
COLLECTIVISATION
• Between 1928-41 Soviet farms were collectivised. Small farms were merged into big ones
with 20-150 households
Causes
• Ideology – ending private ownership
• Economics – gov could take more wealth from farms
• Failure of NEP – Agricultural production fell in 1927.
• Political – support from the left
Process
• Introduced in 1929
• Many peasants destroyed crops, animals & machinery.
• Executed or deported kulaks who refused collectivisation
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