Summary Experimental Research

Four conditions of causality?

Antwoord: 1. Correlation 2. Logical association 3. Order in events (cause > effect) 4. Other possible causes are excluded

Treatment level possibilities?

Antwoord: 1. Presence vs. Absence has a variable/treatment an effect? 2. Amount of a variable what influence of varying amounts does the variable/treatment has? 3. Type of a variable do different types of a variable cause variation on the DV?

Types of Manipulations?

Antwoord: 1. Event manipulation manipulation of the environment/setting 2. Instructional manipulation manipulation via instructions provided 3. Invasive manipulation manipulation via physical changes in the body 4. Individual difference measuring (not possible to manipulate) differences among subjects

What types of reliability do we know?

Antwoord: 1. Test-retest reliability 2. Interim reliability 3. Interrater reliability

Explain all three types of reliability

Antwoord: 1. Test-retest reliability consistency of responses over time 2. Interim reliability consistency among items on a scale 3. Interrater reliability degree of agreement (consistency) among respondents

What are the three types of validity?

Antwoord: Construct validity, internal validity and external validity.

What are two risk belonging to construct validity?

Antwoord: 1. Reactivity (motives of participants can influence their responses) 2. Experimenter effect (motives of experimenter to support the hypothesis can lead to recording errors)

What are the seven confounding factors + explain?

Antwoord: 1. History effect change in the environment results in in the measured effect 2. Maturation effect change in the participant over time 3. Instrumentation effect change in type/time/etc. of the measurement 4. Testing effect respondents are aware of being tested (pre-test sensitization) 5. Regression artifact effect tendency of extreme scores to become less extreme on a second assessment (coincidence/outlier) 6. Attrition effect a change of your sample (participants don’t show up/don’t fulfill whole test) 7. Selection effect personality differences might drive the observed effect

What types of external validity do we know?

Antwoord: 1. Population validity generalizability across populations 2. Ecological validity generalizability across settings or environments 3. Temporal validity generalizability over time 4. Treatment variation validity generalizability of manipulations 5. Outcome validity generalizability across different but related DV’s

Wat is the difference between the MANOVA and ANOVA test?

Antwoord: MANOVA is to test related, and moderately correlated, DV constructs, the ANOVA is for individual (unrelated) tests.