Case 9:
1) what are the structures and functions of bones?
a) types of cartilages and location
Hyaline cartilage
- provide support with flexibility and resilience
- most abundant in skeletal cartilage
- chondrocytes are spherical
- fiber type: fine collagen fibers
- examples of hyaline cartilages: articular (ends of most bones at movable joints),
costal (connects ribs to sternum), respiratory (forms skeleton of the larynx and
reinforce respiratory passageways), nasal (support external nose)
Elastic cartilage
- resembles hyaline cartilage
- more stretchy elastic fibers
- found only in two places: external ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilages
- really compressible
- great tensile strength
- fiber type: thick collagen fibers
- found in places subjected to pressure and stretch
- example of fibrocartilages: pad-like cartilage of the knee, discs between vertebra
Facts about growth of cartilage
- grows in two ways: appositional growth and interstitial growth
- appositional growth: growth from outside: cartilage forming cells in surrounding
perichondrium secrete new matric against external surface of existing cartilage
tissue
- interstitial growth: growth from within: lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and
secrete new matrix, which expands the already present cartilage
b) classification of bones
206 bones divided into two groups: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton:
- forms ling axis bones
1
, - these bones protect, support or carry other body parts
- includes: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
appendicular skeleton:
- bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones)
bones are classified by their shape:
long bone:
- longer than they are wide
- example: all limb bones are long bones except patella and wrist and ankle bones
short bone:
- cube shaped
- example: wrist and ankle bones
- sesamoid bones form a tendon
flat bones:
- thin, flattened, a bit curved
- example: sternum, scapula, ribs and most skull bones
irregular bones:
- weird shape that doesn’t fit any other type
- example: vertebra, hip bones
c) structure (macro and microscopic anatomy, chemical composition)
Gross anatomy
bone textures: compact and spongy bone
- every bone had a smooth outer layer
- external layer: compact bone
- internal layer: spongy bone
o composed of trabeculae
o open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow
structure of short, irregular and flat bones
- thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
- plates are covered outside and inside by connective tissue (the periosteum,
endosteum)
- no epiphyses or shaft
2
1) what are the structures and functions of bones?
a) types of cartilages and location
Hyaline cartilage
- provide support with flexibility and resilience
- most abundant in skeletal cartilage
- chondrocytes are spherical
- fiber type: fine collagen fibers
- examples of hyaline cartilages: articular (ends of most bones at movable joints),
costal (connects ribs to sternum), respiratory (forms skeleton of the larynx and
reinforce respiratory passageways), nasal (support external nose)
Elastic cartilage
- resembles hyaline cartilage
- more stretchy elastic fibers
- found only in two places: external ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilages
- really compressible
- great tensile strength
- fiber type: thick collagen fibers
- found in places subjected to pressure and stretch
- example of fibrocartilages: pad-like cartilage of the knee, discs between vertebra
Facts about growth of cartilage
- grows in two ways: appositional growth and interstitial growth
- appositional growth: growth from outside: cartilage forming cells in surrounding
perichondrium secrete new matric against external surface of existing cartilage
tissue
- interstitial growth: growth from within: lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and
secrete new matrix, which expands the already present cartilage
b) classification of bones
206 bones divided into two groups: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton:
- forms ling axis bones
1
, - these bones protect, support or carry other body parts
- includes: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
appendicular skeleton:
- bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones)
bones are classified by their shape:
long bone:
- longer than they are wide
- example: all limb bones are long bones except patella and wrist and ankle bones
short bone:
- cube shaped
- example: wrist and ankle bones
- sesamoid bones form a tendon
flat bones:
- thin, flattened, a bit curved
- example: sternum, scapula, ribs and most skull bones
irregular bones:
- weird shape that doesn’t fit any other type
- example: vertebra, hip bones
c) structure (macro and microscopic anatomy, chemical composition)
Gross anatomy
bone textures: compact and spongy bone
- every bone had a smooth outer layer
- external layer: compact bone
- internal layer: spongy bone
o composed of trabeculae
o open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow
structure of short, irregular and flat bones
- thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
- plates are covered outside and inside by connective tissue (the periosteum,
endosteum)
- no epiphyses or shaft
2
