Jhaque

What is DKA? a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body doesn't have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into cells for energy. DKA is usually seen in patients with type-1 diabetes, but it can also occur in patients with type-2 diabetes. What are the three main clinical manifestations of DKA? -Hyperglycemia -Dehydration with Electrolyte loss -Acidosis (Metabolic) (Also: Polyuria, Polydipsia, and dehydration, Fruity Breath, Kussmaul Respirations [deep, and ...

Complications of macrovascular issues How does macrovascular disease develop? Risk factors for Cushing's patients True or false: Steroids must be weaned and not stopped abruptly Dietary recommendations for patients with Cushing's True or false: Long term steroid use can be a cause of Cushing's Adrenalectomy will increase the risk of which disorder? Cause of DI Which items are triggers of Addisonian Crisis? What should be include...

serum osmolality >295 hypertonic- DKA (hyperglycemia) potential causes of DKA illness, stress, poor BS control s/s of DKA metabolic acidosis (low ph and low bicarb), Kussmauls- deep rapid breathing, NOT Cheyne stokes, polyuria, polydipsia, GI upset, fruity breath what orders would you expect with a DKA pt fluids, regular insulin via IV regular insulin short acting. peak: 2-3 hours, duration: 4-6 hours intermediate insulin NPH. peak: 4-12 hours, duration: 16-20 h...

Cirrhosis which meds to hold if having ascites, melena Tylenol what to avoid with cirrhosis or portal hypertension ETOH exercising that increase abdominal pressure such as lifting causes of ascites portal obstruction causing back up in the spleen and GI protein-rich fluid, accumulates in the perineal cavity which pulls fluid into the peritoneal cavity. lack of protein in the liver Lactulose actions decreases ammonia by drawing it into the colon to be discreted Encephal...

When taking care of patients when do we need to call the MD We the condition begins to worsen. We need to use the ABC's of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. What are basic post-op interventions? Need to turn patient, have patient cough and use deep breathing, use the incentive spirometer, monitor vital signs for bleeding (decrease BP), and infection (increase temp), do pain control, and DVT prevention (SCD's) What medication is used for bladder cancer? Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (...

This package consists of exams 1 to 4 which covers both advanced pharmacology and advanced pathophysiology. All

COPD and the alveolar capillary membrane in COPD, alveoli is damaged, which can destroy pulmonary capillary --> loss of surface area for gas exchange --> hypoxia fibrotic lung disorders and the alveolar capillary membrane scarring/thickening of the lung tissue --> lungs do not expand well --> dyspnea two factors that affect blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature 1. vasoconstriction 2. decreased cardiac output etiology/risk factors of pneumonia RESTRICTIVE -...

Progressive Stage of Shock Compensatory mechanisms are failing, anaerobic metabolism fails to maintain energy needs. Profound vasodilation from SNS failure results in ischemia, increasing lactic acid, metabolic acidosis, increased capillary pressure/interstitial edema, altered cellular functioning and cell membrane permeability (lysosomes released and auto-digest cells). Refractory Stage of Shock Irreversible changes in organ function, may patients won't survive. Tissue perfusion worse...

MODS: mortality The mortality rate increases with increased number of organ dysfunctions 20% mortality rate if there is 1 organ dysfunction 40-45% mortality rate if there are 2 organs dysfunctions 68-70% mortality rate if there are 3 organ dysfunctions 80-85% mortality rate if there are 4 organ dysfunctions Sepsis: patho -Clinical manifestations of shock are persistent low arterial pressure, low tissue perfusion, low SVR from vasodilation, and alteration in oxygen extraction by all...

calculate cariac output heart rate x stroke volume factors that determine cardiac output what is preload? two factors that determine preload: two factors that impact end systolic volume what is afterload? three factors that impact myocardial contractility: what is an inotrope? positive inotropic agents Negative inotropic agents what's an artery what's a vein vascular compliance calculate BP systolic bloo...

Adipocytes vs Adipokines Cytes: cells; stores triglycerides Kines: hormones; control food intake, energy expenditures, lipid storage, insulin sensitivity, etc Obesogens -Chemicals that stimulate fat development and disrupt hormone signals -Can cross placenta and in breast milk, passed down in generations Obesogens exposure routes and examples Placenta, breast milk, intake, pollutants -phytoestrogens -pesticides -plastics -cleaners Leptin -Hormone that inhibits appetite and p...

Tx for bipolar -Lithium ("A") was the first medication approved for treatment of bipolar mania and depression. It reduces the incidence of recurrence of mania, hypomania, and depression by about two-thirds. Lithium has a significant anti-suicide effect with an estimated eight- to ninefold reduction in risk. It is dosed at nighttime or twice daily. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic window, and there are numerous drug-drug interactions (including serotonergic drugs). -Both olanzapine (Zypre...

List sources of lead in the environment Water, artificial turf, imported candy, alternative medicines and herbal remedies, sindoor, old and imported toys, and occupational hazards. What are the hematological, renal, and skeletal effects of plumbism in children? -Anemia, -damaged proximal tubules and loop of Henle, -interstitial nephritis, -nephrotoxicity, -decreased metabolism of Vit D (and therefore calcium), -slows the growth of long bones and overall decreased growth rate. ...

How to take bile acid sequestrants Bempedoic Acid can increase Lipid lowering agents that are safe in pregnancy Most effective triglyceride lowering drugs PCSK9 inhibitors APTT range for heparin therapy Warfain inhibits which clotting factors? INR value for warfarin Why is warfarin initiated with a fast acting heparin? Direct thrombin inhibitors NOACs

What are the prevention strategies in acute otitis media (AOM)? What are the risk factors of AOM? What are the etiologies of AOM? what are the risk factors for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ARBS)? What are the etiologies of ARBS? What is the treatment regimen for uncomplicated AOM for those ages 6 months to 12 years? amoxicillin 80-90 mg/kg/day divided in 2 doses (adult 875 mg twice daily) If patient is allergic to the amoxicillin, what is the next medication optio...

What is the hypothesized role of adipose tissue in fatty liver disease? visceral fat releases signals that disrupt how the body handles glucose and fat leading to more fat being stored in the liver Excess fat in liver causes liver distress Why does liver damage occur from the hypothesized role of adipose tissue in liver disease? excess fat causes inflammation and the liver is unable to manage: fatty peroxidation dysregulation of unfolded protein lipotoxicity apoptotic pathways What ...

How to treat thyroid storm? Medications such as propylthiouracil or methimazole), beta-blockers, corticosteroids, iodine and supportive care Plasma exchange or thyroidectomy may be used when all else fails Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism thin hair exopthalamos enlarged thyroid (warm on palpation, nodular, solitary) heart failure diarrhea warm skin, sweaty palms hyperreflexia periorbital edema laboratory findings for hypothyroidism TSH: high/increased (0.5-5.0 normal) ...

Tumor invasion vs metastasis Invasion: first step; local spread; possibly by direct extension -Metastasis: spread to distant tissues/organs, contributes to S/S of cancer Metastasis requisites Must be able to invade blood and lymph vessels (neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis) -Must survive circulation and attach/survive in new environment to produce new tumor -Ineffective process (think seeds and soil) Tumor markers -Substances produced by benign & malignant cells -can be measured...

Risk factors for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis Common bugs for URI Antibiotics for the treatment of otitis media Antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis Risk factors for cellulitis Etiologies of Cellulitis What if MRSA is suspected in cellulitis? Clinical presentation of lower UTI Clinical presentation of upper UTI (pyelonephritis) Older adult presentation of UTI Uncomplicated UTI Complicated UTI Diagnostic criter...

Depression in pregnancy: depression Pregnant patients with severe unipolar major depression who were successfully treated with antidepressants prior to pregnancy should generally receive the same drug during pregnancy. For patients who have not been treated with antidepressants in the past, we suggest selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as initial treatment, rather than other antidepressants No psychotropic drugs with labeling approved by the FDA for use during pregnancy and lacta...