- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

The atomic number refers to the amount of ______ in an atom. protons Atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are known as _________ ions a _______ bond is formed when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. covalent Chemical bonds that form due to the attraction between oppositely charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called _________. ionic bonds A catalyst is a substance that _________ the rate of a reaction without being alt...

-

6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Techniques for estimating the number of yeast cells in a culture... - Serial dilutions - Spectrophotometer - Compound microscopes - Estimating concentrations from a calibration curve What is an important single-cell organism? Yeast If you want to dilute yeast 1/10 - how much yeast and water would be in the dilution? What about 1/30? 1/10 = 1 ml yeast/ 9 ml water 1/30 = 1 ml yeast/ 29 ml water Spectrophotometer An instrument that measures the concentration of solutions by shining a beam of li...

-

10 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology? The central dogma of molecular biology explains that DNA encodes RNA through a process called transcription and RNA encodes protein through a process called translation. Describe how the information in DNA is used to produce specific proteins and can ultimately determine the characteristics of an individual organism. because of your DNA the certain RNA strand is coded from genes resulting in how your protein works. Describe the structure of DNA a...

-

5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Cell theory idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells Endosymbiotic theory eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving over time until the separate cells were no longer recognizable Evidence of endosymbiotic theory eukaryotes consumed prokaryotes (leading to mitochondria), or eukaryote consumed photosynthetic...

-

7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is the male part of a flower? Stamen What is the female part of a flower? Carpel What is two or more Carpels? Pistil What makes up a Stamen? Anther and Filament What makes up a Carpel? Stigma, Style, and Ovary Receptacle Thickened nodule part of stem that flower blooms Sepal Green protective coating of plant What are the two organ systems of plants? Root and Shoot Systems Node Parts that hold individual leaf systems (or multiple) Internode Part of stem that distances nodes from eac...

-

4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

How many ml of yeast and water would you need to create a 1/10 dilution? 1 ml of yeast suspension 9 ml of water How many ml of yeast and water would you to create a 1/100 dilution? 1 ml of yeast dilution 9 ml of water How much distilled water was taken in ml in the small beaker from the back counter of the room? 40-50 ml Spectrophotometer measures the concentration of solutions by shining a beam of light at it, the move disolved or suspended (yeast) material the solution contains, the more th...

-

7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

C4 The ______ photosynthetic pathway is where carbon dioxide is fixed by RUBISCO into sugars via the Calvin Cycle. It uses ATP, photorespiration is minimized, and it increases the rate of photosynthesis. C3 In the ______ photosynthetic pathway, carbon dioxide is fixed by RUBISCO into sugars via the Calvin Cycle (just like in C4). CAM The _____ photosynthetic pathway separates light-dependent reactions and uses carbon dioxide and the Calvin cycle temporarily. C3 The ______ photosynthetic pathw...

-

12 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is a cell? The smallest unit of life What are the 3 aspects of the Cell Theory? 1. The cell is the smallest unit exhibiting the properties of life 2. All organisms are made of 1 or more cells 3. Each new cell arises from an existing cell What is the range of an Electron Microscope? 1 nm - 100 μm What is the range of a Light Microscope? 100 nm - Approx. 1.5 mm What is the range of the Human Eye? Approx. 110 μm - < 1 m What are organelles? Membrane-bound structures within the cytopl...

-

11 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What are the different levels of protein structure? primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure Primary structure first level of protein structure, sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain Secondary structure second level of protein structure, regular and recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain Tertiary structure third level, overall three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chai...

-

7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Three parts of Eukaryotic Cell 1: Membrane Bound Nucleus 2: Numerous Membrane-Bound Organelles 3: Several Rod-shaped Chromosomes Plant Cell Specific Parts Chloroplasts, Cell Wall (Shape) , Central Vacuole (Shape) Prokaryotic Cell Structure Capsule --> Cell Wall --> Cell Membrane --> Ribosomes --> DNA Prokaryotic Cell Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls the passa...

-

7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What type of organism is considered ancestral to all animals? Protists What are the 4 characteristics are used to classify animals into groups? 1. Type of symmetry 2. Number of primary germ layers 3. Type of coelom 4. Presence/Absence of segmentation Asymmetry Definition No particular organization (Sponges) Radial Symmetry Definition Circularly organized , if you cut in half vertically you get two identical halves (Starfish) Bilateral symmetry Definition Left and right halves, only one cut d...

-

8 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Describe the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics and explain why they are important to the cellular energetics. 1st - energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change forms. • This is important because all living things need a constant energy source (the sun) 2nd - when transforming energy, some is lost as heat (10% between trophic levels) Define endergonic and exergonic reactions and describe how they are linked in cellular energetics. Endergonic - requires energy (hydrolysis; splittin...

-

10 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

3 Classes of Animals Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Common features of animals Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile, sexual reproduction, specialized tissues Sponges sessile as adults, no specialized tissues daphnia parthenogenetic reproduction Classifications of animals symmetry, segmentation, coelom, tissue layers Types of symmetry asymmetry, radial, bilateral Segmentation division of animal into repeating parts, distinct body regions, repeating units, specialization Types of Ti...

-

6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

The krebs cycle occurs: inside the mitochondria the series of membrane bound proteins and cytochromes that couple ATP production with the movement of electrons in the mitochondrial membranes is called Electron transport system cellular respiration in the absence of molecular oxygen is called anaerobic cellular respiration in the presence of molecular oxygen is called aerobic most fish and many invertebrates have this type of gas exchange system gills the organism the we expect to ...

-

4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Phylogenetic trees A. can be based on biochemical pathways. B. can be based on external morphology. C. can be based on anatomy. D. All of the above are correct. E. B and C are both correct D. All of the above are correct. The hypothesized evolutionary relationships between species is called _____ , and the classification of organisms into groups such as Kingdoms, Phyla, Orders etc. is called _____. (Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate choice from the list provided.) a. phylogeny; taxon...

-

6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Red Algae rhodophytes -lack flagella -multicellular -tropical waters -terrestrial/freshwater environments -important food source/additive -ice cream, yogurt Agar type of red algae -vegetarian subsitute for gelatin -commonly used by microbiologists as solid subsrate to contain culture media in order to grow bacteria Green Algae most abundant group of algae -similar features to land plants -two types: chlorophytes/charophytes Charophytes type of green algae -closest living relatives to land pla...

-

15 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Identify the characteristics that distinguish animals from other types of organisms. Multicellular Heterotrophic Motile Reproduce sexually Use aerobic metabolism Lack cell walls Have life cycles that include development from undifferentiated cells Have a variety of body plans Distinguish between asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry. Asymmetry: no particular organization Radial symmetry: Circularly organized. If cut in half vertically, the halves will look similar. Bilateral symmet...

-

16 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

First Law of Thermodynamics energy cannot be created or destroyed, only be transferred and transformed Second Law of Thermodynamics During energy transfer or transformation, some energy is lost as heat (not 100% efficient) Living things _________ use heat to drive metabolic processes. cannot Metabolism the entire set of chemical reactions that occur within a cell (or multicellular organism) Oxidation reactions release energy Reduction reactions require energy Chemical reactions that releas...

3.0

(1)

6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Cells are grouped into 2 categories: Prokaryotic and Eurkaryotic Animal and Plant cells are Eukaryotic Bacteria are prokaryotes An instrument that magnifies an object microscope Photographs of cells taken with a microscope are called Micrographs What type of microscope is used in our lab? Light microscope 2 parameters that are important in microscopy are: magnification and resolving power The process of enlarging an object in appearance Magnification The ability of a microscope to distin...

-

7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to phenotype Central Dogma of Molecular Biology The three-nucleotide sequence in amino acid Triplet Codon The relationship between a nucleotide and its corresponding amino acid Genetic Codon Terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery Stop Codons Initiate translation Start Codons Begins with trna anticodon recognizes a codon on the mrna. Translation Changes in the DNA sequence of a gene Mutations ...

-

3 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis