COCO SOLUTIONS ACADEMIC STORE

origin of replication - Answer Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins. promotor - Answer A region of DNA with a specific sequence that tells RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. terminator - Answer In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. mRNA - Answer messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome transcription - Answer synthesis of an RNA molecul...

Steps of innate defenses - Answer 1)block 2) detect 3) destroy first line defenses that block entry - Answer -physical barriers (skin on outside, mucous membranes on inside) -chemical barriers (antimicrobial substances) - normal microbiota/flora Detection occurs with - Answer PRRs, pattern recognition receptors Ways to destroy pathogen via innate immunity - Answer inflammation, phagocytosis, action of complement proteins, interferon production, and fever How ski...

Digestive System - Answer digestion and absorption of food; convert food to source of energy + raw materials for growth Digestive tract - Answer hollow tube from mouth to anus GI tract - Answer stomach and intestines Accessory structures - Answer teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas; aid with digestion, some produce enzymes Upper Digestive System - Answer mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach Mouth/salivary glands - Answer physical/che...

Virus - Answer A no cellular particle containing a genome that can replicate only inside a host cell Bacteriophage - Answer A virus that infects bacteria Virion - Answer a complete virus particle Acellular Infectious Biological Agents - Answer No plasma (cell) membrane No binary fission No way to generate ATP No way to synthesize proteins (no ribosomes) Obligate Intracellular Parasite - Answer Uses host cell for energy and substrates Hijacks host cell...

In exercise 3.3 to examine if biofilm is formed a ____ will be perform A: stain to envision capsules B: simple stain C: differential stain D: stain to envision endospores - Answer B: simple stain Bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus and Clostridium are a problem when it comes to sterilizing media, equipment, etc., because..... A: their cell walls contain mycolic acid B: they have an outer membrane C: they produce endospores D: they produce vegetative cells - Answer ...

remember that both normal microbiota and pathogens have adhesions to colonize our tissues. pathogens have genetic differences (virulence factors) that lead to disease. what do we call the type of relationship we have with good bacteria? pathogenic bacteria? - Answer -good bacteria: mutualism -pathogenic: parasitism what is the scientifically accurate definition of a parasite? what is the difference between and ectoparasite and endoparasite? - Answer -parasite: microbes that coloniz...

What are the five required steps for a pathogen to cause disease in its host (pathogenesis) - Answer 1. Entry into host, vulnerable to immune system 2. Attachment and colonization 3. Avoidance of host immunity 4. Host damage 5. Exit from host, and infect others Virulence factors - Answer These are traits that enhance a pathogen's ability to cause disease • Pili (attachment, movement, sex) • Enzymes that harm the host or prevent detection (trick or distract host) • P...

microbes - Answer organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye microbiology - Answer the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents all life pathogens - Answer Microbes are the foundation for _____ life on Earth •_____...

Microorganisms ("microbes") - Answer organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye Microbiology - Answer - the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. - includes research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents microbes are the... - Answer - the foundation for ALL life on Earth - Life still...

What is DNA replication? - Answer When DNA makes a copy of itself Uses DNA as template Makes 2 copies of dsDNA - 1 parent, 1 daughter strand DNA Polymerase synthesizes from 5' to 3' What is gene expression? - Answer the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells DNA directs protein synthesis Involves Transcription and Translation Prokaryotic Gene expression vs Eukaryotic - Answer Prokaryotic: both tr...

Microbial Growth - Answer Increase in the number of cells in a population Physical Requirements - Answer Requirements include temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure Chemical Requirements - Answer Requirements include source of carbon and other elements Temperature - Answer One of the physical requirements for microbial growth; five different categories (psychrophiles, psychographs, mesophiles, thermophiles and hyperthermophiles) Psychrophile - Answer Cold-lovi...

adhesions - Answer microbiota have these proteins to attach to their surface to colonize epithelial and mucus layers pathogenicity - Answer ability to cause disease (genetic differences between strains can lead to..) pathogen - Answer any microbe that causes disease parasites - Answer microbes that colonize and harm its host Ectoparasites - Answer Live on the surface of the host Endoparasites - Answer Live within the host infection - Answer oc...

immunity - Answer ability to ward off disease cause by microbes and their products and protect against environmental agents susceptibility - Answer lack of immunity pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - Answer recognize elements frequently found of microbes but different from the host toll like receptors (TLRs) - Answer one class of PRRs on host that recognize PAMPs cytokines - Answer proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses t...

What does the field of Microbiology study? - Answer study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents How are microorganisms named? What is binomial nomenclature? What are strains? - Answer named by binomial system (or by common name): first letter of g...

what is symbiosis - Answer the relationship between normal microbiota and the host what are the types of symbiosis - Answer commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism what is commensalism - Answer one organism benefits and the other is unaffected what is mutualism - Answer both organism’s benefit what is parasitism - Answer one organism benefits at the expense of the other what is microbiome or microbiota - Answer all the bacteria archaea fungi and pro...

What is the highest total magnification possible for the microscope you will be using in lab? - Answer 1000x One objective lens on the compound light microscope MUST always be used with immersion oil. It is also the ONLY one that can be used with immersion oil. The magnification of this objective lens is - Answer 100x Which of the following slides will you view as part of this lab exercise - Answer 1)dry mount of magazine photo 2) prepared slide of bacteria 3)Wet mount of...

__________ - Destruction of ALL living cells, spores, and/or viruses. Includes chemical and physical methods - Answer STERILIZATION - Destruction of ALL living cells, spores, and/or viruses. Includes chemical and physical methods ________ - chemical agent used to sterilize - Answer STERILANT - chemical agent used to sterilize Disinfection - Removal of pathogens from ________ surfaces. Process to rid or eliminates _______ pathogens. Includes chemical or physical methods. - An...

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Can you fix a restriction requirement after issuance with a reissue? - Answer NO - during a restriction you permanently give something up forever - so you cant change this with a reissue (same with claims you cancelled by amendment - can't add them again with reissue). BUT instead of filing restriction, you could have filed a divisional patent instead of giving up those claims MPEP 100 contents - Answer Access (assignees/status/etc), Secrecy Orders, Foreign Filing License, DOE/NA...

Can you respond to some objections/rejections and defer others until a further time? - Answer No, all objections/rejections must be responded to in full; otherwise, the response is considered incomplete What is a rejection vs. objection - Answer -rejection: a written refusal to grant claims because the subject matter as claimed is deemed unpatentable -objection: the FORM of the claim, spec, or drawing is (as opposed to substance) is deemed improper How do you challenge an object...