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Identify the emerging neurobiological hypothesis of schizophrenia. Dopamine Theory – D2 receptor hyper/hypo activity of dopamine o Hyperactive dopamine at D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway = psychosis o Hypodopaminergic in the mesocortical pathway = negative/cognitive/affective symptoms • Glutamate Theory o N-Methyl-D-Aspertate (NMDA) receptor is hypofunctional on GABA interneurons in the prefrontal cortex Causes for hypofunctionality: • Neurodevelopment abnormalities – schi...

SLEEP DISORDERS Medications for Falling Asleep (Sleep Onset Insomnia) • Zolpidem (Ambien) – short-acting; helps with sleep onset. • Eszopiclone (Lunesta) – helps with onset and maintenance, but better for onset at lower doses. • Ramelteon (Rozerem) – melatonin receptor agonist; specifically for onset. • Melatonin – endogenous hormone; helpful for shifting circadian rhythm and sleep onset. Medications for Staying Asleep (Sleep Maintenance Insomnia) • Suvorexant (Belsomr...

Hypertension ● Risk of CVD, stroke, CAD, PVD, HF ○ Primary prevention: reduce risk of first event ○ Secondary prevention: reduce risk of recurrent events ● Risk for renal Disease ○ Renal Failure and Glomerulosclerosis ● Guidelines ○ Normal: less than 120/80 mm Hg ○ Elevated: Systolic between 120-129 or diastolic less than 80 ○ Stage 1: Systolic between 130-139 or diastolic between 80-89 ■ Prescribe medication if patient has hx of CV events such as stroke or heart a...

Hypertension Diagnosis, Treatment- Drug Classes, their pharmacological effect, Side effects, nonpharmacological tx, diet Target organ damage- what does it mean, how do you know pt has it, workup? Special ConsiderationsGeriatric 6-8 Care of Older Adults Falls- Prevention, safety Geriatric Syndromes- what are they? dementia vs. delirium Dementia- common causes, education, plan of care 6-8 Assessment and Care of Victims of Violence Intimate partner violenceindicators in HX, commu...

Define "Critical path", "Slack time", "Resource Levelling" and "Dummy activity" with reference to PERT and CPM. Critical Path: Will show exactly how long it takes for a project or job to get done. It will also show the minimum amount of time that is needed to complete the project or job. Slack time: Slack time is the most time you can delay a project or job after its early start without messing up the overall deadline. Resource Leveling: It's a way of managing proje...

NU 578 Exam 1:NU 578 Exam 3:NU 578 Unit 4 :NU 578 Exam 5 Study Guide:Latest Updated A+ Score Guide Solutions

Eye/Ear/Skin Use questions or skin infections, Ustekinumab (Stelara) Use of topical steroids Use of pilocarpine (eye) Used to treat glaucoma and other eye conditions (ocular hypertension) Tx of macular degeneration There is no treatment. Photodynamic therapy or anti-angiogenic drugs (stop new blood vessels from forming and stop the leaking from the abnormal vessels) is used for wet amd, Tx of glaucoma—when looking at beta blockers, remember your patient’s comorbid conditions! • P...

When stimulated, the function of the alpha-2 receptor is E. to increase heart rate and force of contraction B. to dilate smooth muscle of the airways D. to cause mydriasis C. to reduce further release of neurotransmitter* 2. To assess the renal function of 72- year old, the apn knows to check which lab value. D. Creatinine* 3. Drugs that are subject to extensive first-pass metabolism: a. May be administered rectally and completely escape first-pass metabolism* b. Require larger intraven...

Uses and SE for drugs for diabetes including: Insulins, metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin), SGLT-2 inhibitors (canagliflozin, empagliflozin), GLP-1 receptor antagonists (exenatide), acarbose, nateglinide Insulin use, duration of action; understanding of basal (some have duration up to 72 hrs) vs bolus insulin; when is each type used? • Rapid acting insulin: Lispro & Aspart • Intermediate: NPH • Long acting insulin: Glargine Metformin uses, SE, monitoring, cont...

Difference between adverse effects, side effects, and toxicity (pg. 34) - Adverse effects: any noxious unintended, and undesired effects that occur at a normal drug dose - Side effects: unwanted UNAVOIDABLE effects of drugs that appear at a normal dose required for therapeutic response o Idiosyncratic response: rare adverse drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition (ex. lack of metabolizing enzymes) can occur with certain anesthetics Ultra-rapid metabolizers seen with kids and ...

In the treatment of allergic rhinitis, which of the following should be limited to no more than 5 consecutive days? Topical vasoconstrictors because of RISK OF REBOUND CONGESTION, pg. 242 2. The patient must be informed of possible damage to the lungs when prescribed oral therapy with which of the following drugs: Amiodarone, pg. 101 3. Although aspirin is often combined with P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists, its use with these agents may: INCREASE THE RISK OF GI BLEEDS, bo...

Which of the following is the most common cause of Secondary Hypertension? A. Elevated blood sugar B. Polycystic kidney disease C. Alcohol and drug use D. Pheochromocytoma E. Obstructive sleep apnea (Ans- E. Obstructive sleep apnea Which of the following would quality as a Hypertensive Emergency? A. Blood pressure of 200/100 B. Blood pressure of 170/80 C. Blood pressure of 182/121 with blurry vision D. Blood pressure of 166/65 with dizziness (Ans- C. Blood pressure of 182/121 with b...

PN 4003 Midterm Exam:PN 4003 Final Exam:Questions & Answers: Latest Updated A+ Score Guide Solutions

What are the side effects of benzodiazepines? (AnsSedation and CNS depression, drowsiness, cognitive impairment - developing tolerance and dependency - withdrawal symptoms - not for long-term use - alcohol increases all these symptoms and potentiates CNS depression - avoid benzodiazepines in the elderly - Canadian guideline for treating anxiety; using SSRIs instead of Benzos What class of drugs are stimulants and what is it used in? (AnsAmphetamines: - dextroamphetamine (dexedrine) (ha...

What is respiratory acidosis? (Ans- carbonic acid (H2CO3) excess What is respiratory alkalosis? (Ans- carbonic acid (H2CO3) deficit What is metabolic acidosis? (Ans- bicarbonate (NaHCO3) deficit What is metabolic alkalosis? (Ans- bicarbonate (NaHCO3) excess metabolic disturbances affect what in the blood? (Ans- bicarbonate (NaHCO3) respiratory disturbances affect what in the blood? (Ans- carbonic acid (H2CO3)fluid imbalances: dehydration (Ansloss of body fluids = increased concentrat...

what is an arteriovenous fistula (AVF)? (Ans- -an artery is connected directly to a vein -the high blood flow from the artery through the vein helps the access grow larger and stronger, making needle insertions for dialysis easier care of client with arteriovenous fistula (Ans- keep access site clean, DO NOT TAKE BLOOD PRESSURE ON THAT ARM! no blood labs either. monitor for redness or swelling Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) (Ans- the rapid onset of inflammation of the glomerul...

Arrhythmia Review: The word SYSTOLE usually refers to VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE or CONTRACTION Diastole: relaxation= ventricles fill with blood SA Node is the dominant pacemaker of the heart 2 Functions of AV Node ◦ Slows impulse conduction from atria to ventricles (gatekeeper) ◦ Back-up pacemaker of heart, if SA node fails The AV Node and Bundle of His together are known as the A-V Junction Electrical current moving toward a positive electrode will result in a positive deflection P Wave ...

Define the evidence-based rating scale categories used by USPSTF (A, B, C, D, I) *Evidence-based preventive services are graded by the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) based on the balance of benefits and harms Grade A: strongly recommended- there is a high certainty of substantial net benefit. Providers SHOULD offer or provide this service. Grade B: recommended- there is a high certain or moderate benefit or moderate certainty of moderate-to-substantial benefit. Providers sh...

Cervical cancer screening A. Recommended screening in women aged 30-65 every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk HPV testing alone, or every 5 years with high-risk HPV testing in combination with cytology. Hepatitis C B. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults aged 18 to 79 years. Anti-HCV test. HIV A. Screening for HIV infection in adolescences and adults aged 15-65 years. Nucleic Acid Test Chlamydia and Gonorrhea B. Recommended for patien...

A patient requests something for arthritic pain but tells you that she is allergic to sulfa antibiotics. Given her history, you know that she also cannot take the following: B. Prednisone D. Gold salts A. Celecoxib (Celebrex)C. Acetaminophen Question 6 1 / 1 pts The patient taking Alendronate (Fosamax) for Paget’s disease should be monitored for: C. Heartburn, difficulty swallowing B. Elevated creatinine A. Cardiac irregularities D. Elevated liver enzymes IncorrectQuestion 7 0 / 1...