NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

How does blood flow through the heart? - Answer-Deoxygenated venous blood → Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary Veins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle (pumps with each contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body What is systole? - Answer-Contraction of the heart which pumps blood Diastole - Answer-Relaxation...

Hematopoiesis - Answer-blood cell formation Fetus- liver and spleen Adult- bone marrow Anemia - Answer-A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. Erythropoiesis - Answer-formation of red blood cells In kidney in response to hypoxia macrocytic normochromic anemia - Answer-Large RBC's, normal hemoglobin Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency microcytic hypochromic anemia - Answer-small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes that are n...

the site of blood cell formation hematopoiesis varies with age - Answer--fetus - yolk sac beginning 3rd week gestation; shift to fetal liver & spleen by week 8 and to bone marrow by 5 month -birth to 5 years red marrow of all bones make blood cells -after 20 years red marrow primarily located in ilium, vertebrae, cranium and jaw, sternum and ribs, humerous and femur. Hematopoiesis occurs throughout life and is stimulated by - Answer-infiltration of the yellow or fatty bone marrow with r...

Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - Answer-Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE, Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation Local symptoms: -itching -rash Systemic symptoms: -wheezing Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - Answer-Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid tissue) Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved...

Acute renal failure - Answer-Reversible Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning well Acute Pyelonephritis - Answer-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis Diagnosis established by: -Urine culture -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present) -Signs/Symptoms -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging ...

Acute renal failure - Answer-Reversible Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning well Acute Pyelonephritis - Answer-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis Diagnosis established by: -Urine culture -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present) -Signs/Symptoms -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging ...

Endometrial cycle and the occurrence of ovulation - Answer-Three Phases: Proliferative Phase, Secretory Phase, Ischemic Phase, Ovulation occurs between the follicular/proliferative and the luteal/secretory phase. uterine prolapse - Answer-the decent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal. Can be severely protruding completely through vagina and protrude from introitus polycystic ovarian syndrome - Answer-at least two of these features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of...

endometrial cycle - Answer-The 28 days of the menstrual cycle as they apply to the events in the uterus. The endometrial cycle has four subphases: menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase, and the ischemic phase . proliferative phase - Answer-The second phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle, during which the endometrium (shed off during menstration is rebuilt). This phase of the cycle is under the control of estrogen, secreted from the follicle developing in the ovary...

S1 - Answer-First heart sound, closure of mital and tricuspid valves in systole S2 - Answer-Second heart sound, closure of aortic and pulmonica valves in diastole Preload - Answer-Diastolic filling with venous blood Contractility - Answer-Systolic ejection Afterload - Answer-Resistance to systolic ejection Equation for cardiac output - Answer-stroke volume x heart rate Sustained tachycardia causes ___ - Answer-Decreased stroke volume Ischemia, acidosis and cardiomyopathy cau...

Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - Answer--Mediated IgE -inflammation due to mast cell degranulation -anaphylactic, asthma, hay fever treatment: epinephrine Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - Answer--Cytotoxic reaction: tissue specific -binds to the antigen ON THE CELL SURFACE -macrophages are primary effectors cells involved cause tissue damage or alter function Hypersensitivity 2 - Answer--Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism) -alters function not destroy -blood transfusions reaction- transfused ...