- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

terminal surgery - CORRECT ANSWER-animal is given an anesthetic prior to the experiment and then euthanized before it recovers from the anesthetic survival surgery - CORRECT ANSWER-the animal is anesthetized prior to the surgical procedure and then recovers from the anesthesia what is considered a painful procedure for an animal - CORRECT ANSWER-current standards of animal care define a painful procedure as any procedure that may reasonably be expected to cause pain in a human being wha...

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7 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

Kiranga

Lung Mechanics - - muscles work to increase the volume of the lung and a pressure differential is created. As a result, air moves into the lungs. When atmospheric pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure, then air will enter the lungs (this is inhalation). - When intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure, then air will leave the lungs (this is exhalation). Respiratory Control Center - the circuit of neurons in the base of the brain (the medulla oblongata and pons) ...

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13 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

kharowl

Bio 473 Theory Exam 2 Questions and Answers | Fall 2026 | 100% Correct Answers

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

SpencerHenderson

Bio 473 Theory Exam 1 Questions and Answers | Fall 2026 | 100% Correct Answers

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15 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

SpencerHenderson

Biology 473 Bundled Exam Questions WITH CORRECT Answers

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18 items

STANFORDGRADESS

Bio 473 Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers What is the axis that regulates the reproductive system called? - CORRECT ANSWER The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis What is spermatogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER What is oogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER What is ovulation? - CORRECT ANSWER - production of sperm in the testes - oocyte development - - the release of oocytes from the ovaries to the fallopian tubes What does the hypothalamus produce? - CORRECT ...

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17 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Bio 473 Exam 2 UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers pulmonary circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - pump on the right receives deoxygenated blood from the body, then pumps that blood to the lungs systemic circulation - CORRECT ANSWER from the lungs, then pumps that blood to the body - pump on the left receives oxygenated blood valves open and close due to - CORRECT ANSWER Flow of blood through the heart - CORRECT ANSWER - pressure changes - Right atrium -> right AV v...

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11 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BIOL 473 Final: UNIT 1 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Is parthenogenesis an option in mammals? - CORRECT ANSWER What is sex determination? - CORRECT ANSWER - appropriate gonad is formed accordingly What is sexual differentiation? - CORRECT ANSWER - To date, no - - male or female - - sexual phenotype - hormone-induced differentiation on non-gonadal tissue (e.g. the ducts, etc)

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5 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BIOL 473 Unit 1 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Asexual Reproduction in humans: identical or non-identical - CORRECT ANSWER single parent generates offspring that are genetically identical no meiosis, no reduction in ploidy, no fusion of gametes No creation of haploid gametes 3 types of Asexual reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER - - - budding (portion separates and grows) - fragmentation (parent body breaks apart, each piece regenerating into a new animal) - par...

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13 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BIOL 473 FINAL UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Functional Response - CORRECT ANSWER feeding rate of a predator Sediment microzone - CORRECT ANSWER roots of macrophytes hyporheic zone - CORRECT ANSWER ground water mixes with surface water Cyclomorphosis - CORRECT ANSWER - relationship between prey density and the - zone of oxygenated sediments around the - subsurface habitat of streams/rivers where - phenomenon seen in zooplankton where their morph...

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16 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BIOL 473 Exam 1 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers trp attenuation high trp - CORRECT ANSWER - -ribosome translates unhindered -ribosome blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing sequence 2 -3 and 4 form the attenuator structure, stopping the ribosome from translating and kicks the RNA polymerase off (stops transcription) -terminator structure is more stable due to more H bonds trp attenuation low trp - CORRECT ANSWER - -ribosome stalls at the trp codons in the lead...

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BIOL 473 Exam 2: respiratory UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers what is the respiratory tract divided into? - CORRECT ANSWER what is the upper res tract? - CORRECT ANSWER nasal cavities sinuses pharynx and part of larynx what is lower res tract? - CORRECT ANSWER trachea bronchi bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli what act as air conduits? - CORRECT ANSWER - larynx - upper and lower tracts

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Bio 473 Surgical Exam Prep UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers What type of surgery is being performed? - CORRECT ANSWER - Survival surgery, the rat will experience minor to no pain (euthanasia) due to the abdominal cavity being opened up. Unilateral Ovariectomy, the bilateral is more complex and will be done by the TAs. What is an injection under the skin called? - CORRECT ANSWER subcutaneous, subQ, or SC injection - Under skin called a What is a DIRECT inje...

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5 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Surgical Licensure Exam Bio 473 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers how to suture - CORRECT ANSWER 1 loop in 1 loop away 1 loop in - 2 loops away blue gowns and nitrile gloves - CORRECT ANSWER non-sterile assistant anesthesiologist yellow gown and latex gloves - CORRECT ANSWER lead surgeon assistant surgeon - non-ster

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5 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BIOL 473: Final Exercise physiology UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers what kind of muscle exhibits remarkable plasticity in structure and function? - CORRECT ANSWER - skeletal muscle what does it mean that adult muscle fibers are postmitotic? - CORRECT ANSWER cell division after maturation how does structural plasticity manifest itself? - CORRECT ANSWER size -atrophy to hypertroph

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4 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Biology 473 Midterm 1 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers limnology - CORRECT ANSWER renewal time - CORRECT ANSWER water - oceanography of inland waters - how long it would take to refill an entire body of renewal time of groundwater - CORRECT ANSWER renewal time of freshwater lakes - CORRECT ANSWER renewal time of saline lakes - CORRECT ANSWER renewal time of soils - CORRECT ANSWER - 300 years - 1-100 years - 10-1000 years

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14 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Biol 473 Theory Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers primary pathology - CORRECT ANSWER secondary pathology - CORRECT ANSWER -problem with secretion in target gland -problem with secretion of trophic hormone hypothalamic pituitary gonad axis pathway - CORRECT ANSWER releases GnRH GnRH signals pituitary gland to release LH and FSH (inhibits GnRH)

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BIOL 473 Final Exam Study UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Glacial Scour Lakes - CORRECT ANSWER -the actual lake itself is created by corrosion (like an ice cream scoop). Activity of glacier was to scour out lake basins (acting as bulldozers) Moraine lake (glacial) - CORRECT ANSWER and left a dam of gravel and scoured out valley glacial (kettle) lakes - CORRECT ANSWER -Glacier moved forward and back and forth -Piece of a glacier that melts off while its ...

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22 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Bio 473 Theory Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Boyle's Law - CORRECT ANSWER volume -• The pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the • When chest volume increases, alveolar pressure falls, and air flows into the respiratory system • When the chest volume decreases, the alveolar pressure rises, and air flows out, into the atmosphere Contracted diaphragm vs relaxed - CORRECT ANSWER inhalation (contraction) returns to dome shape dur...

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8 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Bio 473 Theory Exam 1 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER molecules called neurotransmitters -- Neurons talk to each other by exchanging - The neurotransmitters are released from one neuron, travel across the synapse between the two neurons, and bind to receptors on the other neuron. The neuron that delivers the message is called the pre-synaptic neuron and the neuron that receives the message is called the post synaptic neuron ...

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16 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

Neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER-- Neurons talk to each other by exchanging molecules called neurotransmitters - The neurotransmitters are released from one neuron, travel across the synapse between the two neurons, and bind to receptors on the other neuron. The neuron that delivers the message is called the pre-synaptic neuron and the neuron that receives the message is called the post-synaptic neuron Action Potential and Neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER-- The signal for the release of ...

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12 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

Kiranga

pH forumla - CORRECT ANSWER-pH=-log[H+] Buffering Capacity - CORRECT ANSWER-the ability of a substance to resist changes in pH when acids like CO2 are added Sources of CO2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Atmosphere, respiration, solution of mineral carbonates CO2 is lost from solution by - CORRECT ANSWER-Diffusion into the atmosphere, uptake during photosynthesis Photic Zone - CORRECT ANSWER-Where there is enough light to fuel photosynthesis Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) - CORRECT ANSWER-aka ...

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12 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

Kiranga