Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review
Questions With 100% Complete
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According to the American Heart Association, physical activity: - ANSWER-(*Chapter
38: Activity and Exercise*)
• Elevates mood and attitude
• Keeps us physically fit
• Helps individuals quit smoking and stay tobacco-free
• Boosts energy level so that individuals can get more done
• Helps in the management of stress
• Promotes a better quality of sleep
• Improves self-image and self-confidence
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) - ANSWER-The basic activities a person usually
accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.
Nature of Movement: *Activity and Exercise* - ANSWER-Movement is a complex
process that requires coordination between the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
- *Body Mechanics* is a term that describes the coordinated efforts of the
musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
• Knowing how patients initiate movement and understanding your own movements
require a basic grasp of the physics surrounding body mechanics.
Deconditioning - ANSWER-Physiological change following a period of inactivity, bed
rest or sedentary lifestyle. It results in functional losses in such areas as mental status,
degree of continence and ability to accomplish activities of daily living.
,Alignment and Balance - ANSWER-The terms body alignment and posture are similar
and refer to the positioning of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles while
standing, sitting, and lying.
- Disease, injury, pain, physical development, and life changes compromise the ability
to remain balanced. Impaired balance is a major threat to mobility and physical safety
and contributes to a fear of falling and self-imposed activity restrictions.
Gravity and Friction - ANSWER-Weight is the force exerted on a body by gravity. The
force of weight is always directed downward, which is why an unbalanced object falls.
Friction is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.
- A common example is when the head of a hospital bed is elevated beyond 60
degrees and gravity pulls the patient so that the bony skeleton moves toward the foot of
the bed while the skin remains against the sheets. This leads to disrupted/damaged
blood vessels causing skin impairement.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Joints) - ANSWER-*Skeletal System*
The skeletal system provides attachments for muscles and ligaments, and the
leverages are necessary for mobility.
- *Joints*
• The region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a joint.
• *Fibrous Joints*: Fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little if any movement.
• *Cartilaginous Joints*: Have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite
separate to bony surfaces.
• *Synovial Joints*: Also known as true joints, these are freely movable and the most
mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex joints.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage) - ANSWER-
*Ligaments*
, - Ligamanets are white, shiny, flexible bands of dense fibrous tissue that bind joints and
connect bones and cartilage. Ligaments connect *bones to other bones*.
*Tendons*
- Tendons are glistening white fibrous bands of tissue that occur in various lengths and
thicknesses. Tendons connect *muscles to bones* and are flexible, and inelastic.
*Cartilage*
- Cartilage is nonvascular, supporting connective tissue located chiefly in the joints and
the thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal Muscle - ANSWER-Skeletal muscle cells have the
ability to be stimulated, or excited, and this can respond to regulatory mechanisms such
as nerve signals.
- Skeletal muscles contract with varying degrees of strength based on the specific task.
The amount of load placed on a muscle influences the strength of a skeletal muscle.
• Two types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric. *Isotonic contractions*
causes the body to move. *Isometric contractions* are for stabilizing, which causes the
body to hold a stable position.
Isotonic Contraction: Concentric and Eccentric - ANSWER-- Concentric: When the
muscle contracts, it shortens.
- Eccentric: When the muscle contracts, it lengthens.
Regulation of Movement: Nervous System - ANSWER-The nervous system regulates
movement and posture.
- *Proprioception*: A muscle sense that makes us aware of the position of the body and
its parts, including body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch.
- Body balance occurs when a person is properly aligned with a relatively low center of
gravity balanced over a wide, stable base of support.
, Activity and Exercise - ANSWER-Physical activity (PA) is any movement produced by
skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
- Physical exercise is a subset of PA that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has
a final or an intermediate objective, such as the improvement or maintenance of
physical fitness.
Principles for Transfer and Positioning - ANSWER-*Pathological Influences on Body
Alignment, Mobility, and Activity*
- *Obesity*
• Obesity, a chronic health problem, negatively affects the musculoskeletal system,
leading to disability. This impairs an individual's musculoskeletal health because of the
increased weight burden on joints and muscles. It has been associated with low back
pain, gait disturbances, and connective tissue disorders.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Developmental Changes - ANSWER-
Throughout the life span the appearance and functioning of the body undergo changes
affecting movement.
- A newborn infant's spine is flexed and lacks the anteroposterior curves of an adult.
- A toddler's posture is awkward because of the slight swayback and protruding
abdomen
- From 3 Y/O - abdomen, the posture appears less awkward. By adolescence, the
musculoskeletal system continues to grow and develop.
- A middle-aged adult should normally have a full musculoskeletal function.
- A progressive loss of total bone mass occurs in older adults.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Patient Behavior - ANSWER-Intrinsic
motivation to adhere to any form of treatment, including an exercise program, is the
inherent satisfaction one experiences from physical activity.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Lifestyle - ANSWER-An individual's lifestyle
greatly influences engagement with exercise.
Questions With 100% Complete
Solutions Rated A+
According to the American Heart Association, physical activity: - ANSWER-(*Chapter
38: Activity and Exercise*)
• Elevates mood and attitude
• Keeps us physically fit
• Helps individuals quit smoking and stay tobacco-free
• Boosts energy level so that individuals can get more done
• Helps in the management of stress
• Promotes a better quality of sleep
• Improves self-image and self-confidence
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) - ANSWER-The basic activities a person usually
accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.
Nature of Movement: *Activity and Exercise* - ANSWER-Movement is a complex
process that requires coordination between the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
- *Body Mechanics* is a term that describes the coordinated efforts of the
musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
• Knowing how patients initiate movement and understanding your own movements
require a basic grasp of the physics surrounding body mechanics.
Deconditioning - ANSWER-Physiological change following a period of inactivity, bed
rest or sedentary lifestyle. It results in functional losses in such areas as mental status,
degree of continence and ability to accomplish activities of daily living.
,Alignment and Balance - ANSWER-The terms body alignment and posture are similar
and refer to the positioning of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles while
standing, sitting, and lying.
- Disease, injury, pain, physical development, and life changes compromise the ability
to remain balanced. Impaired balance is a major threat to mobility and physical safety
and contributes to a fear of falling and self-imposed activity restrictions.
Gravity and Friction - ANSWER-Weight is the force exerted on a body by gravity. The
force of weight is always directed downward, which is why an unbalanced object falls.
Friction is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.
- A common example is when the head of a hospital bed is elevated beyond 60
degrees and gravity pulls the patient so that the bony skeleton moves toward the foot of
the bed while the skin remains against the sheets. This leads to disrupted/damaged
blood vessels causing skin impairement.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Joints) - ANSWER-*Skeletal System*
The skeletal system provides attachments for muscles and ligaments, and the
leverages are necessary for mobility.
- *Joints*
• The region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a joint.
• *Fibrous Joints*: Fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little if any movement.
• *Cartilaginous Joints*: Have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite
separate to bony surfaces.
• *Synovial Joints*: Also known as true joints, these are freely movable and the most
mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex joints.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage) - ANSWER-
*Ligaments*
, - Ligamanets are white, shiny, flexible bands of dense fibrous tissue that bind joints and
connect bones and cartilage. Ligaments connect *bones to other bones*.
*Tendons*
- Tendons are glistening white fibrous bands of tissue that occur in various lengths and
thicknesses. Tendons connect *muscles to bones* and are flexible, and inelastic.
*Cartilage*
- Cartilage is nonvascular, supporting connective tissue located chiefly in the joints and
the thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal Muscle - ANSWER-Skeletal muscle cells have the
ability to be stimulated, or excited, and this can respond to regulatory mechanisms such
as nerve signals.
- Skeletal muscles contract with varying degrees of strength based on the specific task.
The amount of load placed on a muscle influences the strength of a skeletal muscle.
• Two types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric. *Isotonic contractions*
causes the body to move. *Isometric contractions* are for stabilizing, which causes the
body to hold a stable position.
Isotonic Contraction: Concentric and Eccentric - ANSWER-- Concentric: When the
muscle contracts, it shortens.
- Eccentric: When the muscle contracts, it lengthens.
Regulation of Movement: Nervous System - ANSWER-The nervous system regulates
movement and posture.
- *Proprioception*: A muscle sense that makes us aware of the position of the body and
its parts, including body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch.
- Body balance occurs when a person is properly aligned with a relatively low center of
gravity balanced over a wide, stable base of support.
, Activity and Exercise - ANSWER-Physical activity (PA) is any movement produced by
skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
- Physical exercise is a subset of PA that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has
a final or an intermediate objective, such as the improvement or maintenance of
physical fitness.
Principles for Transfer and Positioning - ANSWER-*Pathological Influences on Body
Alignment, Mobility, and Activity*
- *Obesity*
• Obesity, a chronic health problem, negatively affects the musculoskeletal system,
leading to disability. This impairs an individual's musculoskeletal health because of the
increased weight burden on joints and muscles. It has been associated with low back
pain, gait disturbances, and connective tissue disorders.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Developmental Changes - ANSWER-
Throughout the life span the appearance and functioning of the body undergo changes
affecting movement.
- A newborn infant's spine is flexed and lacks the anteroposterior curves of an adult.
- A toddler's posture is awkward because of the slight swayback and protruding
abdomen
- From 3 Y/O - abdomen, the posture appears less awkward. By adolescence, the
musculoskeletal system continues to grow and develop.
- A middle-aged adult should normally have a full musculoskeletal function.
- A progressive loss of total bone mass occurs in older adults.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Patient Behavior - ANSWER-Intrinsic
motivation to adhere to any form of treatment, including an exercise program, is the
inherent satisfaction one experiences from physical activity.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Lifestyle - ANSWER-An individual's lifestyle
greatly influences engagement with exercise.
