AQA PSYCHOLOGY A
LEVEL 2021 PAPER 2 MS
1. Give vvone vvreason vvwhy vvschema's vvare vvuseful?
...ANS… vvWhen vvwe're vvin vvunknown vvsituations vvschemas vvhelp vvus vvknow vvhow vvto vvbehave. vvSo vvwhen vvwe vvdo vvnot vvknow vvwhat vvto vvdo
vvour vvschema vvfills vvin vvthe vvgaps vvfor vvus vvand vvallow vvus vvto vvprocess vvsituations vvbetter.
2. Give vvone vvreason vvwhy vvschema's vvare vvnot vvuseful? V
...ANS… vschemas vvmay vvexclude vvinformation vvwhich vvdoesn't vvconform vvto vvour vvprior vvexpectations. vvAs vva vvresult, vvwe
vvmay vvform vvstereotypes vvwhich vvare vvdiflcult vvto vvshift, vveven vvif vvnew,disputing vvinformation vvis vvpresented. vvThis vvmeans vvwe vvmay
vvnot vvbe vvprocessing vvthe vvworld vvaround vvus vvaccurately vvand vvmay vvmisjudge vvor vvrepresent vva vvperson vvor vvsituation.
3. Discuss vvthe vvdefense vvmechanism vvshown vvby vvJed?
...ANS… vvDisplacement vvis vvwhen vvwe vvredirect vvour vvhostile vvfeelings vvonto vvsomething vvelse vvbecause vvit vvis vvnot vvappropriate vvto
vvexpress vvtheir vvfeeling vvtowards vvthe vvperson vvor vvobject vvin vvquestion. vvJed vvcan't vvtake vvhis vvfrustration vvout vvon vvhis vvteacher, vvwho vvissued
vvthe vvdetention vvand vvhe vvdisplaced vvhis vvfeelings vvby vvkicking vvthe vvlocker.
4. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v bio- vvlogical vvapproach,
(A01 vvBehaviourist)
vv vv
, ...ANS… vvThe vvbehaviourist vvapproach vvsuggests vvthat vvthe vvbasic vvprocesses vvthat vvgovern vvlearning vvin vvall vvspecies vvare vvthe
vvsame. vvWe vvlearn vvthrough vvtwo vvconcepts: vvoperant vvconditioning vvand vvclassical vvconditioning.
5. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v biolog- vvical vvapproach, vv(classical vvconditioning)
...ANS… vvThe vvidea vvof vvclassical vvconditioning vvwas vvdeveloped vvby vvPavlov vvwho vvfound vvthat vvwe vvlearn vvthrough vvassociation. vvHe
vvfound vvthat vvit vvwas vvpossible vvto vvcondition vvdogs vvto vvassociate vvthe vvsound vvof vva vvbell vvwith vvfood. vvThis vvresulted vvin vvthe vvdogs vvproducing
vva vvsalivation vvresponse vvat vvthe vvsound vvof vva vvbell vveven vvwhen vvno vvfood vvwas vvpresent. vvPavlov vvdemonstrated vvthat vvrepeated vvexposure vvto
vvan vvevent vvleads vvto vva vvlearned vvand vvuncontrollable vvbehaviour.
6. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v bi- vvological vvapproach, vv(operant vvconditioning)
...ANS… vvSkinner vvsuggested vvbehaviour vvresulted vvfrom vvlearning vvthrough vvthe vvconsequences vvof vvour vvactions. vvHe vvconducted
vvresearch vvinto vvoperant vvconditioning vvtheory vvusing vvrats, vvand vvfound vvthat vvthree vvtypes vvof vvconsequences vvwill vvattect vvbehaviour:
vvpositive vvreinforcement vvinvolves vvrewarding vva vvbehaviour, vvwhich vvincreases vvit vvbeing vvrepeated; vvnegative vvreinforcement vvinvolves vvremoving
vvan vvunpleasant vvoutcome vvto vvincrease vvit vvbeing vvrepeated; vvpunishment vvinvolves vvadding vvan vvunpleasant vvoutcome,reducing vvthe vvbehaviour.
7. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v biolog- vvical vvapproach, vv(similarity vvto vvbiological)
...ANS… vvBoth vvthe vvbehaviourist vvapproach vvand vvbiological vvapproach vvshare vva vvsimilarity vvin vvbeing vvdeterminist. vvBoth
vvignore vvthe vvinfluence vvthat vvthe vvperson vvcan vvhave vvand vvwhether vvthey vvhave vvfree vvwill vvand vvcan vvmake vvtheir vvown vvchoices vvin
vvthese vvdecisions.
8. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v bio- vvlogical v v approach, v v (difference)
...ANS… v v However, vvthey vvditter vvin vvthat vvthe vvbehaviourist vvapproach vvis vvenvironmentally
vv vv
LEVEL 2021 PAPER 2 MS
1. Give vvone vvreason vvwhy vvschema's vvare vvuseful?
...ANS… vvWhen vvwe're vvin vvunknown vvsituations vvschemas vvhelp vvus vvknow vvhow vvto vvbehave. vvSo vvwhen vvwe vvdo vvnot vvknow vvwhat vvto vvdo
vvour vvschema vvfills vvin vvthe vvgaps vvfor vvus vvand vvallow vvus vvto vvprocess vvsituations vvbetter.
2. Give vvone vvreason vvwhy vvschema's vvare vvnot vvuseful? V
...ANS… vschemas vvmay vvexclude vvinformation vvwhich vvdoesn't vvconform vvto vvour vvprior vvexpectations. vvAs vva vvresult, vvwe
vvmay vvform vvstereotypes vvwhich vvare vvdiflcult vvto vvshift, vveven vvif vvnew,disputing vvinformation vvis vvpresented. vvThis vvmeans vvwe vvmay
vvnot vvbe vvprocessing vvthe vvworld vvaround vvus vvaccurately vvand vvmay vvmisjudge vvor vvrepresent vva vvperson vvor vvsituation.
3. Discuss vvthe vvdefense vvmechanism vvshown vvby vvJed?
...ANS… vvDisplacement vvis vvwhen vvwe vvredirect vvour vvhostile vvfeelings vvonto vvsomething vvelse vvbecause vvit vvis vvnot vvappropriate vvto
vvexpress vvtheir vvfeeling vvtowards vvthe vvperson vvor vvobject vvin vvquestion. vvJed vvcan't vvtake vvhis vvfrustration vvout vvon vvhis vvteacher, vvwho vvissued
vvthe vvdetention vvand vvhe vvdisplaced vvhis vvfeelings vvby vvkicking vvthe vvlocker.
4. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v bio- vvlogical vvapproach,
(A01 vvBehaviourist)
vv vv
, ...ANS… vvThe vvbehaviourist vvapproach vvsuggests vvthat vvthe vvbasic vvprocesses vvthat vvgovern vvlearning vvin vvall vvspecies vvare vvthe
vvsame. vvWe vvlearn vvthrough vvtwo vvconcepts: vvoperant vvconditioning vvand vvclassical vvconditioning.
5. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v biolog- vvical vvapproach, vv(classical vvconditioning)
...ANS… vvThe vvidea vvof vvclassical vvconditioning vvwas vvdeveloped vvby vvPavlov vvwho vvfound vvthat vvwe vvlearn vvthrough vvassociation. vvHe
vvfound vvthat vvit vvwas vvpossible vvto vvcondition vvdogs vvto vvassociate vvthe vvsound vvof vva vvbell vvwith vvfood. vvThis vvresulted vvin vvthe vvdogs vvproducing
vva vvsalivation vvresponse vvat vvthe vvsound vvof vva vvbell vveven vvwhen vvno vvfood vvwas vvpresent. vvPavlov vvdemonstrated vvthat vvrepeated vvexposure vvto
vvan vvevent vvleads vvto vva vvlearned vvand vvuncontrollable vvbehaviour.
6. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v bi- vvological vvapproach, vv(operant vvconditioning)
...ANS… vvSkinner vvsuggested vvbehaviour vvresulted vvfrom vvlearning vvthrough vvthe vvconsequences vvof vvour vvactions. vvHe vvconducted
vvresearch vvinto vvoperant vvconditioning vvtheory vvusing vvrats, vvand vvfound vvthat vvthree vvtypes vvof vvconsequences vvwill vvattect vvbehaviour:
vvpositive vvreinforcement vvinvolves vvrewarding vva vvbehaviour, vvwhich vvincreases vvit vvbeing vvrepeated; vvnegative vvreinforcement vvinvolves vvremoving
vvan vvunpleasant vvoutcome vvto vvincrease vvit vvbeing vvrepeated; vvpunishment vvinvolves vvadding vvan vvunpleasant vvoutcome,reducing vvthe vvbehaviour.
7. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v biolog- vvical vvapproach, vv(similarity vvto vvbiological)
...ANS… vvBoth vvthe vvbehaviourist vvapproach vvand vvbiological vvapproach vvshare vva vvsimilarity vvin vvbeing vvdeterminist. vvBoth
vvignore vvthe vvinfluence vvthat vvthe vvperson vvcan vvhave vvand vvwhether vvthey vvhave vvfree vvwill vvand vvcan vvmake vvtheir vvown vvchoices vvin
vvthese vvdecisions.
8. Outline v v the v v key v v features v v of v v the v v behaviourist v v approach. v v Compare v v to v v the
v v bio- vvlogical v v approach, v v (difference)
...ANS… v v However, vvthey vvditter vvin vvthat vvthe vvbehaviourist vvapproach vvis vvenvironmentally
vv vv
