GGH3701 Assignment 2 Revision
Ancient Greek Science ...ANSWER...Also known as the "Ionian Enlightenment", Overall a period in
Greece of a different type of thinking about things, a time of Philosophy and science when many
theories about the earth and life were developed taking place around the 6th and 5th Centuries "The
Rational Revolution"
Many things come from this period, including:
-Herodotus who brings a more scientific approach to stufying and observing history
-Democritus, who believed everything around us was composed of tiny little atoms and that you could
only grind things down so small thus developing the Atomic Theory
-Eratosthenes, who was an astronomer, historian, artists, mathematician
>Also the chief librarian at the Library of Aleander
>Discovered the earth was round and also calculated the circumference of the Earth
How did the nomadic peoples of the Central Asian Steppe serve as agents of change during the course of
world history? ...ANSWER...There have been many nomadic people empires that have come from the
central Asian steppe most notably/the ones we discussed in class are the Xiongnu, The Huns, and the
Mongols all of which served as agents of drastic change during the course of world history.
-For starters, the Xiongnu had been terrorizing China for centuries however not really effecting the
course of world history. It is only when the Xiongnu conquer China in 200BCE do they become a
prominent piece of the puzzle that is world history. After 65 years of the Xiongnu ruling over the Chinese
(Han Dynasty) they are finally expelled from not only China (by Emperor Wu) but also there native
region north of China. This expulsion forces the Xiongnu to leave the region and because of this,
China/The East is then able to access Eastern Europe and thus a trade route is established known as the
Silk road. For the first time in history, the east and west are connected through trade via the Silk Road
and this is only able to happen because the Xiongnu are expelled from the region.
-Another prominent Central Asian Steppe people, The Huns who actually most likely came from the
Xiongnu after they were expelled from China, are also an important agent of change during the course
of world history. After the Huns fail in their attacks against China, they come through Asia and head west
hitting eastern Europe and thus begin to effect the Roman Empire. This in turn was the reason the
Roman empire had to split in half having a capital and an emperor in both the east and the west. So the
,west (Rome) could deal with the Germans and the East (Constantinople) could fight the Huns. The
Huns/Atilla the Hun are repelled from Rome (in 451BCE) but they cause serious damage to the point the
Germans are able to go in and take over a couple years later. Thus the Huns are the reasons Cons
Alexander the Great ...ANSWER...-Born in Macedonia: North of Greece 80 years after the Peloponnesian
war (and Greece had weekend itself)
-After his father Phillip II dies, Alexander takes over:
>Athens and Thebes form a revolt because they thought they could take advantage of their ruler dying
>He destroys them and puts down the revolt
-He takes over his father (Phillip II) dies,
-Athens and Thebes revolt and he destroys them
-All of Greexe joins him when he first invades into Turkey
-The Persians send and army and meet him at the Granagis
Battle of Graicus
-334 BCE
-Alexander has an army of 30,000 infantry soldiers (Phalanx) and 5,000 Cavalry
-The Perians have twice the size of his army
-When they meet its very rainy and Alex's commanders say it's a bad idea, he doesn't not listen and
proceeds to climb through the mud to the Persians high ground leading his army.
>The Persians are caught so off guard and are completely destroyed
>Alex killed two Persian commanders and apparently only lost 34 troops to the 25,000 Persian casualties
-Darius III hears of this and gathers a massive army:
>250,000-600,000 troops to halt Alex's advance and they meet at the bottom of Asia minor which leads
to the Battle of Issus 333 BCE
Battle of Issus 333 BCE
-Darius III even brings his family to watch due to his arrogance
,-Darius III hears of Alexander's success at the Battle of Graicus and gathers a massive army:
>250,000-600,000 troops to halt Alex's advance and they meet at the bottom of Asia minor which leads
to the Battle of Issus 333 BCE
-Alex charges across a river and smashed into the Persian Empire and destroys enemy troops
-Alex turns for Darius III who flees, Alex chases him and is able to capture his family and treats them very
well like royalty
-He then gets a letter from Darius saying "Lets let bigones be bigones, we can have an alliance I just want
Philip of Macedon ...ANSWER...-Very strong leader
-Set about order to his country and organized it
making it a world power
-Made expeditions to neighboring barbarians and made treaties through marital alliances
-Had great military tactics involving the Macedonian phalanx but more importantly the Sarissas:
>Soldiers equipped with 16-20 foot long spears and the front 3-4 rows held their spears straight out in
an overlapping formation, while the soldiers in the back held their spears up in the air to deflect
incoming arrows
-Very brave and would fight with his own troops to the point he actually got hit in the eye and even kept
on fighting
Conquests:
-Thrace had Gold mines so he came in with his military and took it over and took their gold
>He implemented a tremendous road network that had fortresses for protection against various peoples
especially the barbarians
>He made peace with most of the barbarians through marriages
-He then defeated Athens and Thrace when they formed an alliance in 338 (it was too late and his army
was too well trained)
-He begins to invade Persians
>The Greeks fighting along with him
>He then dies in battle (Alexander takes over)
>Greece revolts
, Darius III ...ANSWER...-Persian king who lost his empire to Alexander the Great.
-Darius III (c. 380 - July 330 BC), originally named Artashata and called Codomannus by the Greeks,[1]
was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, from 336 BC to 330 BC. Artashata adopted Darius
as a dynastic name.[1]
-His empire was unstable, with large portions governed by jealous and unreliable satraps and inhabited
by disaffected and rebellious subjects.
-In 334 BC, Alexander the Great began his invasion of the Persian Empire and subsequently defeated the
Persians in a number of battles before looting and destroying their capital, Persepolis, by fire in 330 BC.
With the Persian Empire now effectively under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue
Darius. Before Alexander reached him, however, Darius was killed by his cousin Satrap Bessus.
Chandragupta ...ANSWER...-Takes advantage of the Cahos coming from the split of Alexander's Empire
and forms Indian Empir e
-Fights on of Alex's generls, Seleuces and defeats him, after which they make an alliance
-He expands his kingdom and impresses the Greeks
-He then retires to Jainism which is a passified religion and thus he puts fighting aside and his grandson
takes over...
Brahmins ...ANSWER...-Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made
-They were very rich in Vedic India for they had a monopoly on Sacrifices because they were the only
ones who could perform them
-They began abusing the Commoners, mainly the Untouchables who came into the picture around 500
BCE
>This lead to a cultural shift away from this caste system in which the Brahmins ruled the show and all
those below them suffered
>Jainism, implemented by the Ascetics took off and the people gravitated towards it despite the
Brahmins for it offered salvation to all not just the highest castes'
Buddhism ...ANSWER...Buddha:
-Means "Enlightened One"
-He was a prince who partied all the time had sex all the time and over indulged
-But he soon saw all the suffering in the world and decided to leave his life of ease and pleasure:
Ancient Greek Science ...ANSWER...Also known as the "Ionian Enlightenment", Overall a period in
Greece of a different type of thinking about things, a time of Philosophy and science when many
theories about the earth and life were developed taking place around the 6th and 5th Centuries "The
Rational Revolution"
Many things come from this period, including:
-Herodotus who brings a more scientific approach to stufying and observing history
-Democritus, who believed everything around us was composed of tiny little atoms and that you could
only grind things down so small thus developing the Atomic Theory
-Eratosthenes, who was an astronomer, historian, artists, mathematician
>Also the chief librarian at the Library of Aleander
>Discovered the earth was round and also calculated the circumference of the Earth
How did the nomadic peoples of the Central Asian Steppe serve as agents of change during the course of
world history? ...ANSWER...There have been many nomadic people empires that have come from the
central Asian steppe most notably/the ones we discussed in class are the Xiongnu, The Huns, and the
Mongols all of which served as agents of drastic change during the course of world history.
-For starters, the Xiongnu had been terrorizing China for centuries however not really effecting the
course of world history. It is only when the Xiongnu conquer China in 200BCE do they become a
prominent piece of the puzzle that is world history. After 65 years of the Xiongnu ruling over the Chinese
(Han Dynasty) they are finally expelled from not only China (by Emperor Wu) but also there native
region north of China. This expulsion forces the Xiongnu to leave the region and because of this,
China/The East is then able to access Eastern Europe and thus a trade route is established known as the
Silk road. For the first time in history, the east and west are connected through trade via the Silk Road
and this is only able to happen because the Xiongnu are expelled from the region.
-Another prominent Central Asian Steppe people, The Huns who actually most likely came from the
Xiongnu after they were expelled from China, are also an important agent of change during the course
of world history. After the Huns fail in their attacks against China, they come through Asia and head west
hitting eastern Europe and thus begin to effect the Roman Empire. This in turn was the reason the
Roman empire had to split in half having a capital and an emperor in both the east and the west. So the
,west (Rome) could deal with the Germans and the East (Constantinople) could fight the Huns. The
Huns/Atilla the Hun are repelled from Rome (in 451BCE) but they cause serious damage to the point the
Germans are able to go in and take over a couple years later. Thus the Huns are the reasons Cons
Alexander the Great ...ANSWER...-Born in Macedonia: North of Greece 80 years after the Peloponnesian
war (and Greece had weekend itself)
-After his father Phillip II dies, Alexander takes over:
>Athens and Thebes form a revolt because they thought they could take advantage of their ruler dying
>He destroys them and puts down the revolt
-He takes over his father (Phillip II) dies,
-Athens and Thebes revolt and he destroys them
-All of Greexe joins him when he first invades into Turkey
-The Persians send and army and meet him at the Granagis
Battle of Graicus
-334 BCE
-Alexander has an army of 30,000 infantry soldiers (Phalanx) and 5,000 Cavalry
-The Perians have twice the size of his army
-When they meet its very rainy and Alex's commanders say it's a bad idea, he doesn't not listen and
proceeds to climb through the mud to the Persians high ground leading his army.
>The Persians are caught so off guard and are completely destroyed
>Alex killed two Persian commanders and apparently only lost 34 troops to the 25,000 Persian casualties
-Darius III hears of this and gathers a massive army:
>250,000-600,000 troops to halt Alex's advance and they meet at the bottom of Asia minor which leads
to the Battle of Issus 333 BCE
Battle of Issus 333 BCE
-Darius III even brings his family to watch due to his arrogance
,-Darius III hears of Alexander's success at the Battle of Graicus and gathers a massive army:
>250,000-600,000 troops to halt Alex's advance and they meet at the bottom of Asia minor which leads
to the Battle of Issus 333 BCE
-Alex charges across a river and smashed into the Persian Empire and destroys enemy troops
-Alex turns for Darius III who flees, Alex chases him and is able to capture his family and treats them very
well like royalty
-He then gets a letter from Darius saying "Lets let bigones be bigones, we can have an alliance I just want
Philip of Macedon ...ANSWER...-Very strong leader
-Set about order to his country and organized it
making it a world power
-Made expeditions to neighboring barbarians and made treaties through marital alliances
-Had great military tactics involving the Macedonian phalanx but more importantly the Sarissas:
>Soldiers equipped with 16-20 foot long spears and the front 3-4 rows held their spears straight out in
an overlapping formation, while the soldiers in the back held their spears up in the air to deflect
incoming arrows
-Very brave and would fight with his own troops to the point he actually got hit in the eye and even kept
on fighting
Conquests:
-Thrace had Gold mines so he came in with his military and took it over and took their gold
>He implemented a tremendous road network that had fortresses for protection against various peoples
especially the barbarians
>He made peace with most of the barbarians through marriages
-He then defeated Athens and Thrace when they formed an alliance in 338 (it was too late and his army
was too well trained)
-He begins to invade Persians
>The Greeks fighting along with him
>He then dies in battle (Alexander takes over)
>Greece revolts
, Darius III ...ANSWER...-Persian king who lost his empire to Alexander the Great.
-Darius III (c. 380 - July 330 BC), originally named Artashata and called Codomannus by the Greeks,[1]
was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, from 336 BC to 330 BC. Artashata adopted Darius
as a dynastic name.[1]
-His empire was unstable, with large portions governed by jealous and unreliable satraps and inhabited
by disaffected and rebellious subjects.
-In 334 BC, Alexander the Great began his invasion of the Persian Empire and subsequently defeated the
Persians in a number of battles before looting and destroying their capital, Persepolis, by fire in 330 BC.
With the Persian Empire now effectively under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue
Darius. Before Alexander reached him, however, Darius was killed by his cousin Satrap Bessus.
Chandragupta ...ANSWER...-Takes advantage of the Cahos coming from the split of Alexander's Empire
and forms Indian Empir e
-Fights on of Alex's generls, Seleuces and defeats him, after which they make an alliance
-He expands his kingdom and impresses the Greeks
-He then retires to Jainism which is a passified religion and thus he puts fighting aside and his grandson
takes over...
Brahmins ...ANSWER...-Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made
-They were very rich in Vedic India for they had a monopoly on Sacrifices because they were the only
ones who could perform them
-They began abusing the Commoners, mainly the Untouchables who came into the picture around 500
BCE
>This lead to a cultural shift away from this caste system in which the Brahmins ruled the show and all
those below them suffered
>Jainism, implemented by the Ascetics took off and the people gravitated towards it despite the
Brahmins for it offered salvation to all not just the highest castes'
Buddhism ...ANSWER...Buddha:
-Means "Enlightened One"
-He was a prince who partied all the time had sex all the time and over indulged
-But he soon saw all the suffering in the world and decided to leave his life of ease and pleasure:
