BIO 225 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS!!
Goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
answers: Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent
without harming the host's cells
selectively toxic
answers: absolutely toxic to the
infectious agent and absolutely nontoxic to the host
Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drug
answers: * selectively toxic
* microbicidal rather than microbistatic
*doesn't lead to development of antimicrobial resistance
*reasonably priced
*doesn't cause allergies
Chemotherapeutic Drug
answers: Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease
Prophylaxis
answers: use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
antimicrobial chemotherapy
,answers: any antimicrobial drug
antibiotics
answers: substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some
microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms
semisynthetic drugs
answers: drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated
from natural sources
synthetic drugs
answers: drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions
antibiotics
answers: *common metabolic
products of aerobic bacteria and fungi, derived from bacteria in the Streptomyces
and Bacillus
Kirby-Bauer technique:
answers: Surface of an agar plate is spread with
bacteria
- Small discs containing a prepared amount of
antibiotic are placed on the plate
,- Zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is
measured and compared with a standard for
each drug
Tube dilution tests:
answers: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): the smallest
concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth
The test can be expanded to determine a MBC (Minimum
bactericidal concentration)
The MIC and Therapeutic Index
answers: In vitro activity of a drug is not always correlated with the in vivo effect.
Therapeutic index:
answers: the ratio of the dose of
the drug that is toxic to humans as
compared to its minimum effective
(therapeutic) dose
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 1
answers: done in healthy young
, people (usually males) to test for toxicity
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 2
answers: done in persons with the
infection or disorder to see if the drug is effective
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 3
answers: continues phase II but
compares the drug to any current treatments on
the market
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 4
answers: after market studies
Mechanisms of Drug Action
answers: - Inhibition of cell wall synthesis - most drugs in this
category target peptidoglycan
- Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function -
drugs target DNA or RNA structure or synthesis
- Inhibition of protein synthesis - targets the prokaryotic
SOLUTIONS!!
Goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
answers: Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent
without harming the host's cells
selectively toxic
answers: absolutely toxic to the
infectious agent and absolutely nontoxic to the host
Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drug
answers: * selectively toxic
* microbicidal rather than microbistatic
*doesn't lead to development of antimicrobial resistance
*reasonably priced
*doesn't cause allergies
Chemotherapeutic Drug
answers: Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease
Prophylaxis
answers: use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
antimicrobial chemotherapy
,answers: any antimicrobial drug
antibiotics
answers: substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some
microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms
semisynthetic drugs
answers: drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated
from natural sources
synthetic drugs
answers: drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions
antibiotics
answers: *common metabolic
products of aerobic bacteria and fungi, derived from bacteria in the Streptomyces
and Bacillus
Kirby-Bauer technique:
answers: Surface of an agar plate is spread with
bacteria
- Small discs containing a prepared amount of
antibiotic are placed on the plate
,- Zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is
measured and compared with a standard for
each drug
Tube dilution tests:
answers: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): the smallest
concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth
The test can be expanded to determine a MBC (Minimum
bactericidal concentration)
The MIC and Therapeutic Index
answers: In vitro activity of a drug is not always correlated with the in vivo effect.
Therapeutic index:
answers: the ratio of the dose of
the drug that is toxic to humans as
compared to its minimum effective
(therapeutic) dose
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 1
answers: done in healthy young
, people (usually males) to test for toxicity
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 2
answers: done in persons with the
infection or disorder to see if the drug is effective
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 3
answers: continues phase II but
compares the drug to any current treatments on
the market
Human Clinical Trials
Phase 4
answers: after market studies
Mechanisms of Drug Action
answers: - Inhibition of cell wall synthesis - most drugs in this
category target peptidoglycan
- Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function -
drugs target DNA or RNA structure or synthesis
- Inhibition of protein synthesis - targets the prokaryotic
