MN 553 UNIT 10 FINAL EXAM 2026
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE SOLVED
QUESTION SET
◉ major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year,
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic
symptoms.. Answer: Unipolar depression
◉ Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood,
energy, and ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed
mood or psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
,-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may
cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or
hypomania with a history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide. Answer: Bipolar disorder (BD)
◉ characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-
directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for
sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI),
distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in
high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment and
may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization. Answer:
mania
◉ requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any
duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required). Answer:
Bipolar Type I:
◉ diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current
or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but
fewer than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
,-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report
these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client
presents in the depression phase.. Answer: Bipolar Type II:
◉ involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive
or manic/hypomanic episode.. Answer: Cyclothymia:
◉ antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce
rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in
children and adults younger than 25. Answer: If bipolar depression is
mistaken for MDD:
◉ monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent
the onset of a hypomanic or manic episode. Answer: Antidepressants are
used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
________________.
◉ Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
, decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes. Answer: DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood
related symptoms
◉ Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes. Answer: 5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood
related symptoms
◉ -depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three
monoamine transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess. Answer: monoamine
hypothesis of depression
◉ • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE SOLVED
QUESTION SET
◉ major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year,
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic
symptoms.. Answer: Unipolar depression
◉ Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood,
energy, and ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed
mood or psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
,-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may
cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or
hypomania with a history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide. Answer: Bipolar disorder (BD)
◉ characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-
directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for
sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI),
distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in
high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment and
may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization. Answer:
mania
◉ requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any
duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required). Answer:
Bipolar Type I:
◉ diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current
or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but
fewer than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
,-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report
these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client
presents in the depression phase.. Answer: Bipolar Type II:
◉ involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive
or manic/hypomanic episode.. Answer: Cyclothymia:
◉ antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce
rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in
children and adults younger than 25. Answer: If bipolar depression is
mistaken for MDD:
◉ monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent
the onset of a hypomanic or manic episode. Answer: Antidepressants are
used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
________________.
◉ Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
, decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes. Answer: DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood
related symptoms
◉ Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes. Answer: 5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood
related symptoms
◉ -depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three
monoamine transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess. Answer: monoamine
hypothesis of depression
◉ • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
