PSYCHOPATHOLOGY LATEST | 2 FINAL EXAM VERSIONS
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|AGRADE
1.Validity - ANSWER must accurately measure what is is supposed to measure. There are different types
of validity: face validity (seems valid upon first sight), predictive validity (ability to predict future
characteristics or behaviour), concurrent validity (degree to which the measures gathered from one tool
agree with the measure from other tools).
2.Vascular neurocognitive disorder: - ANSWER follows a cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
3.ventromedial hypothalamus - ANSWER activation: no hunger
4.VLOSLP - ANSWER Very late onset Schizophrenia like psychosis, >60yrs
more women > men
delusions = PARTITION, many visual hallucinations
5.Voyeuristic disorder - ANSWER repeated and intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in
secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse and may act upon these desires. Repeated
invasion of other people's privacy.
6.Amphetamine - ANSWER Stimulant chemical, : treating asthma, losing weight, staying awake. Produces
rush, intoxication in small doses but psychosis in high doses. Increases release of dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin.
7.Ancient views on abnormality - ANSWER dangereous, trephination
8.Androphilic type - ANSWER Male-to-female gender dysphoria
born male, but always behaved female -> attracted to men (not homosexual)
9.anemia - ANSWER too few red blood cells -> loss energy
,10.Anhedonia - ANSWER lack of general pleasure
11.Anomic suicide (Durkheim) - ANSWER let down by society
12.Antagonism - ANSWER behave in a way that brings conflict, e.g. attention seeking, grandeur,
manipulation
13.Antagonism - ANSWER being hostile and manipulative
14.Antisocial personality disorder - ANSWER DRAMATIC; psychopaths, sociopaths. Persistent disregard
and violation of other's rights. Person must be at least 18 to be diagnosed. Theorists propose it starts
with absence of parental love, or learned through modeling. Also lower serotonin activity
(impulsivity and aggression). Treatment usually ineffective.
15.Anxious personality disorders - ANSWER Avoidant, dependant, and obsessive-compulsive personality
disorders. Anxious and fearful behaviour.
16.apathy - ANSWER abnormal behavior cannot be cured
17.Aphasia - ANSWER Language disturbance
18.Apraxia - ANSWER Impaired motor activities (despite inact motor function)
19.Autism spectrum disorder - ANSWER extreme unresponsiveness, severe communication deficits,
preservation of sameness, and highly rigid and repetitive behaviors (motor movements),
interests, and activities. Sociocultural cause: family dysfunction and social stress. Psychological cause:
central perceptual or cognitive disturbance, theory of mind failed to develop. Biological cause: genetic
factor, prenatal difficulties, birth complications, biological abnormalities, such as abnormal development
of cerebellum (coordinates movement). Treatment: cognitive-behavioral therapy, communication
training, parent training, and community integration.
,20.Autoerotic asphyxia - ANSWER form of sexual masochism, individuals induce lack of oxygen (hanging,
suffocating
21.Autogynephilic type - ANSWER Male-to-female gender dysphoria born male, behaved male ->
attracted to women, but excited about idea of being a woman
22.Avoidant personality disorder - ANSWER ANXIOUS; uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations,
overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation. Similar to social
anxiety disorder. Difference is that people with avoidant personality disorder fear close social
relationships, and people with social anxiety disorder fear social circumstances. Explanations the same
as social anxiety disorder. Sense of fear, shame, and early criticism and rejection. Therapists help build
trust, recognize unconscious conflicts, change distressing beliefs, and provide social skills training.
23.Avolition - ANSWER drained of energy and interest, unable to start or follow through something
24.Barbiturates - ANSWER reduce anxiety and help produce sleep. Attaches to GABA-receptors. High
doses may lead to intoxication. Repeated use can result in sedative-hypnotic use disorder. A great danger
is that the lethal dosis remains the same while the body builds up tolerance. Barbiturate withdrawal can
cause convulsions
25.Beck's (cognitive) model of depression - ANSWER caused by negative thinking: maladaptive attitudes,
cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts. Treatment: cognitive-behavioral therapy.
26.Behavioural symptoms depression - ANSWER less active and productive
27.Behavioural-Evolutionary explanation Phobia - ANSWER human beings are theoretically "prepared" to
acquire some phobias and not others (preparedness)
28.Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test - ANSWER people redraw pictures from cards, test may reflect
organic brain impairment.
29.Benzodiazepines - ANSWER antianxiety drugs like Xanax, Ativan, and Valium. Increase of GABA activity
- releave anxiety withouth the drowsiness.
, Binge eating disorder - ANSWER NOT BULIMIA
repeated binges, without compensatory behaviors
-> 2/3 become overweight/obese
Binge-drinking - ANSWER five or more drinks in a single occasion
binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa - ANSWER loose weight by vomiting
Biochemical factors depression - ANSWER low activity of norepinephrine and serotonin. Endocrine
system also plays a role (abnormally high levels of cortisol). People with seasonal affective disorder
experience recurrence of depression each winter (linked to melatonin).
Biochemical view schizophrenia - ANSWER dopamine fires too often (dopamine hypothesis), discovered
by antipsychotic drugs (phenothiazines). Too much L-dopa causes schizophrenia-like symptoms. Recent
discovery of new antipsychotic drugs: atypical antipsychotic drugs (serotonin).
Biological factor stress disorders - ANSWER abnormal activity of cortisol and norepinephrine.
Hippocampus and amygdala may also contribute to stress disorders. Pregnant women with high levels of
cortisol had babies with also high levels of cortisol.
biological factors GAD - ANSWER exist, as found by family studies and by benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan,
Valium) that reduced anxiety by receiving GABA (inhibitor). Circuit responsible for anxiety include
anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Treatment includes drug therapy:
Antianxiety drug therapy: sedative-hypnotic drugs, relaxation training, biofeedback
(electromyography)
Biological perspective OC disorders - ANSWER SEROTONIN, Symptoms can be reduced using
antidepressant drugs (clomipramine and fluoxetine). Glutamate, GABA, and dopamine may also play a
role. OCD may also be linked to specific brain regions - orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei. Also the
thalamus, congulate cortex, and amygdala. OCD is being treatment by a combination of behavioural,
cognitive, and drug therapies.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|AGRADE
1.Validity - ANSWER must accurately measure what is is supposed to measure. There are different types
of validity: face validity (seems valid upon first sight), predictive validity (ability to predict future
characteristics or behaviour), concurrent validity (degree to which the measures gathered from one tool
agree with the measure from other tools).
2.Vascular neurocognitive disorder: - ANSWER follows a cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
3.ventromedial hypothalamus - ANSWER activation: no hunger
4.VLOSLP - ANSWER Very late onset Schizophrenia like psychosis, >60yrs
more women > men
delusions = PARTITION, many visual hallucinations
5.Voyeuristic disorder - ANSWER repeated and intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in
secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse and may act upon these desires. Repeated
invasion of other people's privacy.
6.Amphetamine - ANSWER Stimulant chemical, : treating asthma, losing weight, staying awake. Produces
rush, intoxication in small doses but psychosis in high doses. Increases release of dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin.
7.Ancient views on abnormality - ANSWER dangereous, trephination
8.Androphilic type - ANSWER Male-to-female gender dysphoria
born male, but always behaved female -> attracted to men (not homosexual)
9.anemia - ANSWER too few red blood cells -> loss energy
,10.Anhedonia - ANSWER lack of general pleasure
11.Anomic suicide (Durkheim) - ANSWER let down by society
12.Antagonism - ANSWER behave in a way that brings conflict, e.g. attention seeking, grandeur,
manipulation
13.Antagonism - ANSWER being hostile and manipulative
14.Antisocial personality disorder - ANSWER DRAMATIC; psychopaths, sociopaths. Persistent disregard
and violation of other's rights. Person must be at least 18 to be diagnosed. Theorists propose it starts
with absence of parental love, or learned through modeling. Also lower serotonin activity
(impulsivity and aggression). Treatment usually ineffective.
15.Anxious personality disorders - ANSWER Avoidant, dependant, and obsessive-compulsive personality
disorders. Anxious and fearful behaviour.
16.apathy - ANSWER abnormal behavior cannot be cured
17.Aphasia - ANSWER Language disturbance
18.Apraxia - ANSWER Impaired motor activities (despite inact motor function)
19.Autism spectrum disorder - ANSWER extreme unresponsiveness, severe communication deficits,
preservation of sameness, and highly rigid and repetitive behaviors (motor movements),
interests, and activities. Sociocultural cause: family dysfunction and social stress. Psychological cause:
central perceptual or cognitive disturbance, theory of mind failed to develop. Biological cause: genetic
factor, prenatal difficulties, birth complications, biological abnormalities, such as abnormal development
of cerebellum (coordinates movement). Treatment: cognitive-behavioral therapy, communication
training, parent training, and community integration.
,20.Autoerotic asphyxia - ANSWER form of sexual masochism, individuals induce lack of oxygen (hanging,
suffocating
21.Autogynephilic type - ANSWER Male-to-female gender dysphoria born male, behaved male ->
attracted to women, but excited about idea of being a woman
22.Avoidant personality disorder - ANSWER ANXIOUS; uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations,
overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation. Similar to social
anxiety disorder. Difference is that people with avoidant personality disorder fear close social
relationships, and people with social anxiety disorder fear social circumstances. Explanations the same
as social anxiety disorder. Sense of fear, shame, and early criticism and rejection. Therapists help build
trust, recognize unconscious conflicts, change distressing beliefs, and provide social skills training.
23.Avolition - ANSWER drained of energy and interest, unable to start or follow through something
24.Barbiturates - ANSWER reduce anxiety and help produce sleep. Attaches to GABA-receptors. High
doses may lead to intoxication. Repeated use can result in sedative-hypnotic use disorder. A great danger
is that the lethal dosis remains the same while the body builds up tolerance. Barbiturate withdrawal can
cause convulsions
25.Beck's (cognitive) model of depression - ANSWER caused by negative thinking: maladaptive attitudes,
cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts. Treatment: cognitive-behavioral therapy.
26.Behavioural symptoms depression - ANSWER less active and productive
27.Behavioural-Evolutionary explanation Phobia - ANSWER human beings are theoretically "prepared" to
acquire some phobias and not others (preparedness)
28.Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test - ANSWER people redraw pictures from cards, test may reflect
organic brain impairment.
29.Benzodiazepines - ANSWER antianxiety drugs like Xanax, Ativan, and Valium. Increase of GABA activity
- releave anxiety withouth the drowsiness.
, Binge eating disorder - ANSWER NOT BULIMIA
repeated binges, without compensatory behaviors
-> 2/3 become overweight/obese
Binge-drinking - ANSWER five or more drinks in a single occasion
binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa - ANSWER loose weight by vomiting
Biochemical factors depression - ANSWER low activity of norepinephrine and serotonin. Endocrine
system also plays a role (abnormally high levels of cortisol). People with seasonal affective disorder
experience recurrence of depression each winter (linked to melatonin).
Biochemical view schizophrenia - ANSWER dopamine fires too often (dopamine hypothesis), discovered
by antipsychotic drugs (phenothiazines). Too much L-dopa causes schizophrenia-like symptoms. Recent
discovery of new antipsychotic drugs: atypical antipsychotic drugs (serotonin).
Biological factor stress disorders - ANSWER abnormal activity of cortisol and norepinephrine.
Hippocampus and amygdala may also contribute to stress disorders. Pregnant women with high levels of
cortisol had babies with also high levels of cortisol.
biological factors GAD - ANSWER exist, as found by family studies and by benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan,
Valium) that reduced anxiety by receiving GABA (inhibitor). Circuit responsible for anxiety include
anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Treatment includes drug therapy:
Antianxiety drug therapy: sedative-hypnotic drugs, relaxation training, biofeedback
(electromyography)
Biological perspective OC disorders - ANSWER SEROTONIN, Symptoms can be reduced using
antidepressant drugs (clomipramine and fluoxetine). Glutamate, GABA, and dopamine may also play a
role. OCD may also be linked to specific brain regions - orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei. Also the
thalamus, congulate cortex, and amygdala. OCD is being treatment by a combination of behavioural,
cognitive, and drug therapies.
