ADVANCED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR NR 503

ADVANCED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR NR 503 epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-The science of public health. study of distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems Population health - CORRECT ANSWER-Focuses on risk, data, demographics and outcomes Outcome - CORRECT ANSWER-the end result of an intervention Aggregate - CORRECT ANSWER-defined population community - CORRECT ANSWER-composed of multiple aggregates Prevalance - CORRECT ANSWER-measures the existence of all current cases within a timeframe Incidence - CORRECT ANSWER-measures the appearance of all new cases within a time frame surveillance - CORRECT ANSWER-collection, analysis, dissemination of data High risk - CORRECT ANSWER-increased chance of a poor outcome Morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER-presence of illness or disease mortality - CORRECT ANSWER-related to tracking of deaths within an aggregate Primary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER-intervening before health effects occur through measures such as vaccination, altering risky behavior (poor eating habits, tobacco use) and banning substances known to be associated with a disease or health condition. Secondary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER-screening to identify disease in their earliest stages, before the onset of s/sx, through measures such as mammography and bp testing Tertiary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER-managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression through measures such as chemo, rehab, screening for complications Interprofessional collaboration - CORRECT ANSWER-When physicians, pharmacists, educators, etc. work together to improve the quality of care of patients Quantitative data - CORRECT ANSWER-described in numbers and shows how often and to what degree something occurs. Objective, standardized and easily analyzed (statistics, survey data, records, archival dates) Qualitative data - CORRECT ANSWER-described in words and explains why. Answers "why" or "why not" or "what does it mean". Subjective (focus groups, key informant interviews, case studies, storytelling, and observations) Vital statistics - CORRECT ANSWER-# Birth rates, death rates, . Quantitative data Social justice - CORRECT ANSWER-Justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunity, and privileges within a society Health inequalities - CORRECT ANSWER-Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different populations morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER-the rate of disease in a population mortality - CORRECT ANSWER-the # of deaths in a given period for a particular disease Cases - CORRECT ANSWER-an instance of disease or problem Determinants of health - CORRECT ANSWER-personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status Risk analysis - CORRECT ANSWER-process of identifying and analyzing potential issues that negatively impact health Campaign for Action - CORRECT ANSWER-Transforming health care through nursing. Goals are based on IOM. Future of nursing report works on 7 major interrelated issues Descriptive epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-covers time, place, and person. epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have high rates of disease. Rates - CORRECT ANSWER-knowledge of how illness and injury are distributed within a population. Useful in identifying trends and evaluate outcomes and can allow for comparisons within and between groups Rate equation - CORRECT ANSWER-# of events that occur during specified time divided by the average population at risk and then multiplied by a constant Period prevalence rate - CORRECT ANSWER-Measures the # of cases of a disease during a specific period of time and is the measure of burden. All new cases and old cases are included Point prevalence rate - CORRECT ANSWER-# of casns of disease at a specific point in time Case fatality rates - CORRECT ANSWER-measure of severity of disease (infectious diseases). Not a true rate, is the measurement of the probability of death among diagnosed cases. Helps determine when to use a screening tool. 5 W's of descriptive epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-What, Who, Where, When, Why/How Secular graphs - CORRECT ANSWER-shows long term trends in the occurrence of disease Seasonality - CORRECT ANSWER-Shows a seasonal pattern of disease. Can suggest how an infection is transmitted Epidemic curve - CORRECT ANSWER-Show a disease or outbreak over time Age - CORRECT ANSWER-single most important "person" attribute Epidemiological triad - CORRECT ANSWER-External agent, host, environment Causation - CORRECT ANSWER-the relationship between cause and effect. The action of causing something, the capacity of one variable to influence another Causative factors - CORRECT ANSWER-intrinsic and extrinsic Case Control study - CORRECT ANSWER-investigator identifies a group of individuals with the attribute of interest (case) and compares to a group without the attribute of interest (control). Retrospective Case Control study strengths - CORRECT ANSWER-inexpensive, relatively quick, able to study variables with long latency or impact period, able to calculate odds ratio, able to study rare or fatal diseases, can study multiple exposures