Chapter 22: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

BIOL BIOL 1411:Test File Review The Science of Biology, Ninth Edition Chapter 22: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies TEST FILE QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following properties of HIV makes it difficult to trace the source of the virus from one person to the next? a. The transmission of the virus involves very few (often just one) viral particles. b. HIV evolves very slowly within the host. c. The host can have a genetically diverse population of viruses. d. Molecular phylogenies of viruses cannot be constructed. e. None of the above Answer: c Textbook Reference: 22.0 Phylogenetic trees in the courtroom Page: 464 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. What accounts for HIV’s rapid rate of evolution? a. Its poor repair system causes it to have a high mutation rate. b. It is subject to strong stabilizing selection. c. Many viral particles are transmitted upon each infection. d. Both b and c e. None of the above Answer: a Textbook Reference: 22.0 Phylogenetic trees in the courtroom Page: 464 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 3. The evolutionary relationship among organisms is known as a. taxonomy. b. phylogeny. c. paraphyly. d. synapomorphy. e. homoplasy. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 465 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. The wasp genus Nasonia contains all of the descendants of the common ancestor of its members. This genus therefore would be called a. a synapomorphy. b. a polyphyly. c. a clade. d. parsimonious. e. self-compatible. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 465–466 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 5. Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea are each other’s closest relatives. Therefore, they are considered species. a. rooted b. parapyletic c. homologous d. daughter e. sister Answer: e Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 466 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. The study of biodiversity is called a. homology. b. homoplasy. c. systematics. d. phylogeny. e. synapomorphy. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 466 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. The common ancestor of all of the species displayed in a phylogenetic tree lies at the of the tree. a. node b. root c. tip d. taxon e. None of the above Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 466 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 8. Which of the following is formed when two branches diverge from one another in a phylogenetic tree? a. A population b. A lineage c. A node d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: c Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 466 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Which of the following statements is true? a. Most of the species of animals and plants on Earth have been formally described. b. New species are continually being discovered. c. Our knowledge of the “Tree of Life” is nearing completion. d. There are about one million species living on Earth. e. None of the above Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 466–467 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 10. Which of the following can never be homologous features? a. DNA sequences b. Anatomical structures c. Inherited behavioral patterns d. Secondary structures of proteins e. All of the above have the potential to be homologous features. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 11. Shared derived traits are also known as a. homoplasies. b. synapomorphies. c. sympatries. d. homologies. e. paraphylies. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 12. The antifreeze proteins found in fish that live in very cold waters has evolved independently in the Arctic and in the Antarctic, and not because of shared ancestry. Which of the following can be said about its evolution? a. The antifreeze proteins in Arctic and Antarctic fish are homologous. b. The antifreeze proteins in Arctic and Antarctic fish are homoplasies. c. The Arctic and Antarctic fish form a clade. d. Both a and c e. None of the above Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 13. As adaptions for flight, the wings of bats and the wings of birds are an example of a. synapomorphy. b. evolutionary reversal. c. monophyly. d. paraphyly. e. convergent evolution. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 14. Which of the following statements is true? a. All homoplastic traits are due to convergent evolution. b. All homologous traits are homoplasies. c. All synapomorphies are derived traits. d. All derived traits are synapomorphies. e. None of the above Answer: c. Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 15. Homoplasies can arise via a. convergent evolution. b. synapomorphies. c. evolutionary reversals. d. Both a and c e. Both b and c Answer: d Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 16. Snakes, which lack limbs, evolved from vertebrates that had legs. This is an example of a. convergent evolution. b. an evolutionary reversal. c. a synapomorphy. d. a homology. e. None of the above Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 17. The common ancestor of humans and the other “great apes” walked on all fours, while humans are bipeds. Bipedalism is thus the trait. a. ancestral b. homoplasic c. synapomorphic d. derived e. monophyletic Answer: d Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 18. Humans and African apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas) share traits, such as elongated skulls and shortened canine teeth, which other related species do not have. These shared characteristics are called a. homoplasies. b. synapomorphies. c. cladistics. d. parsimonies. e. None of the above Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 19. Which of the following cannot result in homoplasy? a. Convergent evolution b. Evolutionary reversals c. Descent from a common ancestor d. Similar selection pressures e. All of the above can result in homoplasy. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 20. Species A and B have long wings, whereas species C has short wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the hypothesis that long wings are a synapomorphy? a. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had long wings b. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had short wings c. DNA evidence showing that species A and C are sister species d. DNA evidence showing that species B and C are sister species e. Evidence showing that species A and B live in an environment that favors long wings, whereas species C lives in an environment that favors short wings Answer: b Textbook Reference: 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? Page: 467 Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 21. Some species in a hypothetical family of beetles are winged, and others are wingless. Which of the following would be most useful in determining whether having wings or being wingless was the ancestral trait? a. Homoplasies b. Homologies c. An outgroup d. An ingroup e. Maximum likelihood methods Answer: c Textbook Reference: 22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed? Page: 468 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 22. According to the principle of parsimony, the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the a. fewest homologies. b. most homoplasies. c. fewest homoplasies. d. most clades. e. fewest clades. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed? Page: 470 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 23. Four different phylogenetic trees of a group of salamanders have been proposed. Trees A and B each require 12 homoplasies, but Tree A requires 14 synapomorphies and Tree B requires 13 synapomorphies. Tree C requires 15 homoplasies and 13 synapomorphies. Finally, Tree D requires 10 homoplasies and 15 synamorphies. According to the principle of parsimony, which tree or trees is the best? a. Tree A b. Tree B c. Tree C d. Tree D e. Both Tree A and Tree B Answer: d Textbook Reference: 22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed? Page: 470 Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 24. Which of the following is a limitation of the use of morphology in phylogenetic analysis? a. Some morphological variation has a genetic basis. b. Few morphological traits can be directly compared across distant taxa. c. Some taxa exhibit little morphological diversity. d. Both a and b e. Both b and c Answer: e Textbook Reference: 22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed? Page: 470 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering