NUR 2063 | Exam 2 Practice Page 1
, NUR 2063 Exam 2 - Original Practice Questions
1. What is the fundamental effect of cellular ischemia?
A) Reduced oxygen and substrate delivery due to inadequate perfusion
B) Unrestricted nutrient supply
C) Excess mitochondrial ATP synthesis
D) Immediate genetic mutation in every cell
Correct Answer: Reduced oxygen and substrate delivery due to inadequate perfusion Rationale: Impaired blood flow
compromises energy production and waste removal.
2. How does early ATP depletion cause cell swelling?
A) Increased active potassium export removes all water
B) Membrane pumps become more efficient
C) All lysosomes disappear
D) Failure of sodium-potassium pumps permits intracellular sodium and water accumulation
Correct Answer: Failure of sodium-potassium pumps permits intracellular sodium and water accumulation Rationale: ATP-dependent ion
gradients fail and water follows accumulating sodium.
3. Which cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size without a required increase in cell number?
A) Atrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Hypertrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is enlargement of existing cells, such as cardiac myocytes under pressure load.
4. What defines hyperplasia?
A) Conversion of one differentiated type to another
B) Shrinkage of existing cells
C) Irreversible cell death
D) Increase in number of cells
Correct Answer: Increase in number of cells
Rationale: Hyperplasia increases cell number in tissues capable of proliferation.
5. Which change is termed atrophy?
A) Reduction in cell size and often tissue mass
NUR 2063 | Exam 2 Practice Page 2
, B) Rapid inflammatory edema alone
C) Increase in cell number only
D) Uncontrolled invasion of neighboring tissues
Correct Answer: Reduction in cell size and often tissue mass
Rationale: Atrophy can occur with disuse, denervation, or reduced trophic signals.
6. What is metaplasia?
A) Programmed cell death
B) Increase in intracellular potassium only
C) A mutation guaranteeing cancer
D) Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type by anotherCorrect Answer: Reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type by another Rationale: Chronic stress can drive a potentially reversible shift in differentiation.
7. What characterizes dysplasia?
A) Normal uniform tissue architecture
B) Disordered cell growth and maturation
C) Complete lack of nuclear variation
D) Normal response to brief exercise
Correct Answer: Disordered cell growth and maturation
Rationale: Dysplasia may be premalignant but is not synonymous with invasive cancer.
8. What is apoptosis?
A) Regulated cell death often with limited inflammation
B) An increase in cell number
C) A transient sodium shift only
D) Uncontrolled tissue rupture always triggering inflammation
Correct Answer: Regulated cell death often with limited inflammation
Rationale: Programmed pathways dismantle cells in a relatively contained manner.
9. How does necrosis differ from apoptosis?
A) Necrosis is always physiologic
B) Necrosis never releases intracellular contents
C) Necrosis always preserves membranes
D) Necrosis commonly disrupts membranes and provokes inflammation
Correct Answer: Necrosis commonly disrupts membranes and provokes inflammation Rationale: Necrotic injury releases
cellular material that stimulates inflammatory responses.
NUR 2063 | Exam 2 Practice Page 3
, NUR 2063 Exam 2 - Original Practice Questions
1. What is the fundamental effect of cellular ischemia?
A) Reduced oxygen and substrate delivery due to inadequate perfusion
B) Unrestricted nutrient supply
C) Excess mitochondrial ATP synthesis
D) Immediate genetic mutation in every cell
Correct Answer: Reduced oxygen and substrate delivery due to inadequate perfusion Rationale: Impaired blood flow
compromises energy production and waste removal.
2. How does early ATP depletion cause cell swelling?
A) Increased active potassium export removes all water
B) Membrane pumps become more efficient
C) All lysosomes disappear
D) Failure of sodium-potassium pumps permits intracellular sodium and water accumulation
Correct Answer: Failure of sodium-potassium pumps permits intracellular sodium and water accumulation Rationale: ATP-dependent ion
gradients fail and water follows accumulating sodium.
3. Which cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size without a required increase in cell number?
A) Atrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Hypertrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is enlargement of existing cells, such as cardiac myocytes under pressure load.
4. What defines hyperplasia?
A) Conversion of one differentiated type to another
B) Shrinkage of existing cells
C) Irreversible cell death
D) Increase in number of cells
Correct Answer: Increase in number of cells
Rationale: Hyperplasia increases cell number in tissues capable of proliferation.
5. Which change is termed atrophy?
A) Reduction in cell size and often tissue mass
NUR 2063 | Exam 2 Practice Page 2
, B) Rapid inflammatory edema alone
C) Increase in cell number only
D) Uncontrolled invasion of neighboring tissues
Correct Answer: Reduction in cell size and often tissue mass
Rationale: Atrophy can occur with disuse, denervation, or reduced trophic signals.
6. What is metaplasia?
A) Programmed cell death
B) Increase in intracellular potassium only
C) A mutation guaranteeing cancer
D) Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type by anotherCorrect Answer: Reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type by another Rationale: Chronic stress can drive a potentially reversible shift in differentiation.
7. What characterizes dysplasia?
A) Normal uniform tissue architecture
B) Disordered cell growth and maturation
C) Complete lack of nuclear variation
D) Normal response to brief exercise
Correct Answer: Disordered cell growth and maturation
Rationale: Dysplasia may be premalignant but is not synonymous with invasive cancer.
8. What is apoptosis?
A) Regulated cell death often with limited inflammation
B) An increase in cell number
C) A transient sodium shift only
D) Uncontrolled tissue rupture always triggering inflammation
Correct Answer: Regulated cell death often with limited inflammation
Rationale: Programmed pathways dismantle cells in a relatively contained manner.
9. How does necrosis differ from apoptosis?
A) Necrosis is always physiologic
B) Necrosis never releases intracellular contents
C) Necrosis always preserves membranes
D) Necrosis commonly disrupts membranes and provokes inflammation
Correct Answer: Necrosis commonly disrupts membranes and provokes inflammation Rationale: Necrotic injury releases
cellular material that stimulates inflammatory responses.
NUR 2063 | Exam 2 Practice Page 3
