NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Test with all
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Actual Complete Exam
|Already Graded A+
Asthma ✔Correct Answer-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma ✔Correct Answer-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) ✔Correct Answer--airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles ✔Correct Answer-smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles ✔Correct Answer-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria ✔Correct Answer-the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria ✔Correct Answer-embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria ✔Correct Answer-white blood cells are present to help protect
the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma ✔Correct Answer-the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages
host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain ✔Correct Answer-columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
,What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain ✔Correct Answer-smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do ✔Correct Answer-control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation ✔Correct Answer-When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? ✔Correct Answer-the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar ✔Correct Answer--expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma ✔Correct Answer-tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? ✔Correct Answer-These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma ✔Correct Answer-the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors
of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis ✔Correct Answer-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis ✔Correct Answer-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion ✔Correct Answer-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion ✔Correct Answer-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
, Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis ✔Correct Answer-there is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting ✔Correct Answer-when blood passes from the right ventricle through
the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis ✔Correct Answer--long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis ✔Correct Answer--Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? ✔Correct Answer-tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) ✔Correct Answer--
smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? ✔Correct Answer-causes increased
bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials ✔Correct Answer-
promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? ✔Correct Answer-squamous cells
become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? ✔Correct Answer-increases
inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs?
✔Correct Answer-leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? ✔Correct Answer-respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? ✔Correct Answer-hyperinflation of
the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? ✔Correct Answer-naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Actual Complete Exam
|Already Graded A+
Asthma ✔Correct Answer-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma ✔Correct Answer-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) ✔Correct Answer--airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles ✔Correct Answer-smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles ✔Correct Answer-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria ✔Correct Answer-the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria ✔Correct Answer-embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria ✔Correct Answer-white blood cells are present to help protect
the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma ✔Correct Answer-the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages
host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain ✔Correct Answer-columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
,What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain ✔Correct Answer-smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do ✔Correct Answer-control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation ✔Correct Answer-When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? ✔Correct Answer-the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar ✔Correct Answer--expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma ✔Correct Answer-tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? ✔Correct Answer-These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma ✔Correct Answer-the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors
of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis ✔Correct Answer-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis ✔Correct Answer-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion ✔Correct Answer-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion ✔Correct Answer-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
, Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis ✔Correct Answer-there is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting ✔Correct Answer-when blood passes from the right ventricle through
the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis ✔Correct Answer--long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis ✔Correct Answer--Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? ✔Correct Answer-tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) ✔Correct Answer--
smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? ✔Correct Answer-causes increased
bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials ✔Correct Answer-
promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? ✔Correct Answer-squamous cells
become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? ✔Correct Answer-increases
inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs?
✔Correct Answer-leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? ✔Correct Answer-respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? ✔Correct Answer-hyperinflation of
the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? ✔Correct Answer-naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
