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Carbohydrates are organic biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (empirical formula $text{C}_n(text{H}_2text{O})_n$). Chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, they serve as the primary source of cellular energy and key structural components in living organisms.Main Classes of CarbohydratesClassStructureKey PropertiesExamplesMonosaccharidesSingle sugar monomer (3–7 carbons)Sweet, water-soluble, reducing sugars; immediate energy unitsGlucose, Fructose, RiboseDisaccharidesTwo monomers joined by a glycosidic bondWater-soluble, sweet; formed via condensation reactionsSucrose (Glucose + Fructose)Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)PolysaccharidesLong chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharidesInsoluble, non-sweet polymers; used for energy storage and structureStorage: Starch (plants), Glycogen (animals)Structural: Cellulose (plant cell walls), Chitin (fungi/exoskel

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Carbohydrates

Nilma Akram AKHSS Gahkuch 1

, 1.4 Carbohydrates
 1.4.1 define carbohydrates;
 1.4.2 classify carbohydrates as monosaccharides, disaccharides,
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides with examples;
 Practical Objective 1: Perform Benedict’s test to confirm the presence of
reducing sugar.
 Objective 2: Perform iodine test to confirm the presence of starch.
Apparatus/Slide/Material: Bunsen burner, test tubes, test tube stand, test tube
holder, droppers, tripod stand, wire gauze, graduated pipettes, beaker.
Chemicals: Solutions of glucose and starch, Benedict’s solution, iodine
solution.
 1.4.3 compare the properties and roles of monosaccharides with their formulae;
 1.4.4 distinguish between D and L forms of glucose (stereoisomers) based on
the spatial arrangement of hydroxyl (-OH) groups around their chiral carbons;
Nilma Akram AKHSS Gahkuch 2

, Carbohydrates


Carbohydrates




Nilma Akram AKHSS Gahkuch 3

, 1.4.1 define carbohydrates;




Nilma Akram AKHSS Gahkuch 4

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  • glucose
  • sucrose
  • fructose
  • stereoisomerism
  • water properties

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