Naveeelagul

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic or amphipathic organic molecules made predominantly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Unlike carbohydrates or proteins, lipids are non-polar macromolecular assemblies rather than true polymers, making them insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Carbohydrates are organic biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (empirical formula $text{C}_n(text{H}_2text{O})_n$). Chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, they serve as the primary source of cellular energy and key structural components in living organisms.Main Classes of CarbohydratesClassStructureKey PropertiesExamplesMonosaccharidesSingle sugar monomer (3–7 carbons)Sweet, water-soluble, reducing sugars; immediate energy unitsGlucose, Fructose, RiboseD...

Bioenergetics is the study of how living organisms transform, store, and utilize energy to sustain cellular processes. It applies the principles of thermodynamics to biological systems.ATP: The Cellular Energy CurrencyAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP) acts as the principal energy carrier in all living cells. Energy is stored in the high-energy terminal phosphate bonds of ATP.Energy Release (Hydrolysis): Breaking a phosphate bond yields Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), an inorganic phosphate ($P_i$), and ...