1|Page
NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM
2026|COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
What are clinical signs of Graves' disease? - correct-answer - Goiter,
exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema
List hyperthyroid symptoms in Graves' disease. - correct-answer - Weight loss,
heat intolerance, increased appetite
What is the main function of red blood cells? - correct-answer - Oxygen and
carbon-dioxide transport
,2|Page
What regulates red blood cell production? - correct-answer - Erythropoietin from
kidneys during hypoxia
Define anemia. - correct-answer - Deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
leading to low oxygen delivery
What compensatory mechanisms occur in anemia? - correct-answer - Increased
heart rate and cardiac output
List common anemia symptoms. - correct-answer - Fatigue, weakness, shortness
of breath
Define microcytic anemia. - correct-answer - RBCs smaller than normal (low MCV)
,3|Page
Common causes of microcytic anemia? - correct-answer - Iron deficiency,
thalassemia, chronic disease
Main mechanism of microcytic anemia? - correct-answer - Impaired hemoglobin
synthesis due to iron deficiency
Which nutrients are vital for hemoglobin synthesis? - correct-answer - Iron,
copper, vitamin B12
Causes of iron deficiency anemia? - correct-answer - Blood loss, dietary
deficiency, malabsorption
Define macrocytic anemia. - correct-answer - RBCs larger than normal (MCV > 100
fL)
, 4|Page
Major causes of macrocytic anemia? - correct-answer - Vitamin B12 or folate
deficiency
How does vitamin B12 deficiency occur? - correct-answer - Intrinsic-factor loss or
poor absorption in ileum
Neurological effects of B12 deficiency? - correct-answer - Neuropathy,
paresthesia, cognitive decline
What defines megaloblastic anemia? - correct-answer - Large, immature RBCs
caused by defective DNA synthesis
Define normocytic anemia. - correct-answer - Normal-size RBCs but low count
NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM
2026|COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
What are clinical signs of Graves' disease? - correct-answer - Goiter,
exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema
List hyperthyroid symptoms in Graves' disease. - correct-answer - Weight loss,
heat intolerance, increased appetite
What is the main function of red blood cells? - correct-answer - Oxygen and
carbon-dioxide transport
,2|Page
What regulates red blood cell production? - correct-answer - Erythropoietin from
kidneys during hypoxia
Define anemia. - correct-answer - Deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
leading to low oxygen delivery
What compensatory mechanisms occur in anemia? - correct-answer - Increased
heart rate and cardiac output
List common anemia symptoms. - correct-answer - Fatigue, weakness, shortness
of breath
Define microcytic anemia. - correct-answer - RBCs smaller than normal (low MCV)
,3|Page
Common causes of microcytic anemia? - correct-answer - Iron deficiency,
thalassemia, chronic disease
Main mechanism of microcytic anemia? - correct-answer - Impaired hemoglobin
synthesis due to iron deficiency
Which nutrients are vital for hemoglobin synthesis? - correct-answer - Iron,
copper, vitamin B12
Causes of iron deficiency anemia? - correct-answer - Blood loss, dietary
deficiency, malabsorption
Define macrocytic anemia. - correct-answer - RBCs larger than normal (MCV > 100
fL)
, 4|Page
Major causes of macrocytic anemia? - correct-answer - Vitamin B12 or folate
deficiency
How does vitamin B12 deficiency occur? - correct-answer - Intrinsic-factor loss or
poor absorption in ileum
Neurological effects of B12 deficiency? - correct-answer - Neuropathy,
paresthesia, cognitive decline
What defines megaloblastic anemia? - correct-answer - Large, immature RBCs
caused by defective DNA synthesis
Define normocytic anemia. - correct-answer - Normal-size RBCs but low count
