TAMU Bio 112 Exam 2 Questions And
Already Solved Solutions.
Significance of Stephanodiscus and Rhagoletis - Answer Well documented examples of very
fast evolution
History of Stephanodiscus - Answer -Originally S. niagarae in North American lakes
-Over the course of 3,000 to 4,000 years S. niagarae evolved to what is now S. yellowstonensis
(this was documented by fossils found in ground) due to climate change
-Since then there has been little change
History of Rhagoletis - Answer -Originally the fly larvae infected hawthorn fruit
-Apple trees introduced into the area
-Soon the apples started getting infected
-It was found that a second population emerged from hawthorn flies that only laid in apples
Define:
Systematics - Answer Science of developing and evaluating classification schemes
Uses of Systematics - Answer 1) Aids in understanding functions/organs
2) Aids in understanding evolution/family trees
3) Aids in rapid ID of organisms
4) Provides framework for organism ID/naming
Define:
Taxonomy - Answer Science of naming organisms/groups of organisms
What was significant about Linnaeus? - Answer - System Naturae
- Established Systematics
- Concept that species = fundamental biological unit
Define:
System Naturae - Answer Written by Linnaeus; organized animals, plants, and rocks into
hierarchical schemes of nested categories
,Binomial naming rules - Answer 1) Always Latin or classical Greek
2) Italicized or underlined
3) First word = Genus (capitalized)
4) Second word = specific epithet (never capitalized)
Characteristics of Genus name - Answer - Always a noun, capitalized, and Italicized
- Refers to group of closely related organisms
- Can stand alone
- Unique
Characteristics of Specific Epithet name - Answer - Never capitalized
- Modifies Genus noun
- Cannot stand alone
- Not unique - can apply to many different genus'
Biological definition of a species (Mayr) - Answer A genetically isolated set of populations that
share a common gene pool in their natural habitat and are isolated from other such groups
Morphological definition of a species - Answer A unique body feature/set of features
Recognition definition of a species - Answer behaviorally defined
Cohesion definition of a species - Answer Based on a set of genes that produce a particular
phenotype
Ecological definition of a species - Answer Based on a species' niche
Expanded version of Linnaean Categories in order - Answer Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, Species
Define:
Classical Evolutionary Systematics - Answer Attempted to combine fossil record with
homologies into characters of living groups
Define:
, Phenetics Systematics approach - Answer Based on living organisms and essentially ignored
things that did not compute
Define:
Cladistics Systematics approach - Answer Evaluates data using varying degrees of relatedness
and produces cladograms
Ancestral vs Derived Characters - Answer ancestral traits = pleisiomorphies
derived traits = apomorphies
Prokaryote General Characteristics - Answer - Pre-nucleus
- Little morphological diversity
- Cells wall structure/biochemistry determines differences between species
- Live in hypotonic environments
Prokaryotic Cell Wall Biochemistry - Answer - Comprised of polymers of amino sugar + amino
acid chains
- N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, and peptides
Gram Positive - Answer Darker stain, indicates:
- The presence of large amounts of peptidoglycan and low amounts of lipids
- Thick cell wall
- Susceptible to penicillin
Gram Negative - Answer Lighter stain; Indicates:
- Low levels of peptidoglycan and high levels of lipid
How does penicillin work? - Answer Inhibits enzymes that synthesize cell wall cross links in
prokaryotes
Are bacterial flagellum covered by the cell membrane? - Answer No, it extends from a socket
located within the membrane
Bacterial flagellum characteristics - Answer - Primarily comprosed of flagellum
- 1 or more distributed across the membrane or concentrated at an end
- Spins like a propeller
Already Solved Solutions.
Significance of Stephanodiscus and Rhagoletis - Answer Well documented examples of very
fast evolution
History of Stephanodiscus - Answer -Originally S. niagarae in North American lakes
-Over the course of 3,000 to 4,000 years S. niagarae evolved to what is now S. yellowstonensis
(this was documented by fossils found in ground) due to climate change
-Since then there has been little change
History of Rhagoletis - Answer -Originally the fly larvae infected hawthorn fruit
-Apple trees introduced into the area
-Soon the apples started getting infected
-It was found that a second population emerged from hawthorn flies that only laid in apples
Define:
Systematics - Answer Science of developing and evaluating classification schemes
Uses of Systematics - Answer 1) Aids in understanding functions/organs
2) Aids in understanding evolution/family trees
3) Aids in rapid ID of organisms
4) Provides framework for organism ID/naming
Define:
Taxonomy - Answer Science of naming organisms/groups of organisms
What was significant about Linnaeus? - Answer - System Naturae
- Established Systematics
- Concept that species = fundamental biological unit
Define:
System Naturae - Answer Written by Linnaeus; organized animals, plants, and rocks into
hierarchical schemes of nested categories
,Binomial naming rules - Answer 1) Always Latin or classical Greek
2) Italicized or underlined
3) First word = Genus (capitalized)
4) Second word = specific epithet (never capitalized)
Characteristics of Genus name - Answer - Always a noun, capitalized, and Italicized
- Refers to group of closely related organisms
- Can stand alone
- Unique
Characteristics of Specific Epithet name - Answer - Never capitalized
- Modifies Genus noun
- Cannot stand alone
- Not unique - can apply to many different genus'
Biological definition of a species (Mayr) - Answer A genetically isolated set of populations that
share a common gene pool in their natural habitat and are isolated from other such groups
Morphological definition of a species - Answer A unique body feature/set of features
Recognition definition of a species - Answer behaviorally defined
Cohesion definition of a species - Answer Based on a set of genes that produce a particular
phenotype
Ecological definition of a species - Answer Based on a species' niche
Expanded version of Linnaean Categories in order - Answer Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, Species
Define:
Classical Evolutionary Systematics - Answer Attempted to combine fossil record with
homologies into characters of living groups
Define:
, Phenetics Systematics approach - Answer Based on living organisms and essentially ignored
things that did not compute
Define:
Cladistics Systematics approach - Answer Evaluates data using varying degrees of relatedness
and produces cladograms
Ancestral vs Derived Characters - Answer ancestral traits = pleisiomorphies
derived traits = apomorphies
Prokaryote General Characteristics - Answer - Pre-nucleus
- Little morphological diversity
- Cells wall structure/biochemistry determines differences between species
- Live in hypotonic environments
Prokaryotic Cell Wall Biochemistry - Answer - Comprised of polymers of amino sugar + amino
acid chains
- N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, and peptides
Gram Positive - Answer Darker stain, indicates:
- The presence of large amounts of peptidoglycan and low amounts of lipids
- Thick cell wall
- Susceptible to penicillin
Gram Negative - Answer Lighter stain; Indicates:
- Low levels of peptidoglycan and high levels of lipid
How does penicillin work? - Answer Inhibits enzymes that synthesize cell wall cross links in
prokaryotes
Are bacterial flagellum covered by the cell membrane? - Answer No, it extends from a socket
located within the membrane
Bacterial flagellum characteristics - Answer - Primarily comprosed of flagellum
- 1 or more distributed across the membrane or concentrated at an end
- Spins like a propeller
