1. Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary in response to
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)?
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. ACTH
D. Cortisol
Answer: C. ACTH
Rationale: CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which then acts on the
adrenal cortex.
2. What is the primary function of cortisol in the HPA axis feedback loop?
A. Stimulate CRH release
B. Inhibit ACTH production
C. Enhance adrenal gland growth
D. Promote oxytocin secretion
Answer: B. Inhibit ACTH production
Rationale: Cortisol provides negative feedback to reduce ACTH and CRH production.
3. Which of the following best describes the HPA axis in individuals with major depressive
disorder (MDD)?
A. Decreased cortisol levels due to adrenal insufficiency
B. Enhanced negative feedback sensitivity
C. Hyperactivity of the HPA axis with impaired feedback inhibition
D. Normal HPA axis function with no hormonal changes
Answer: C. Hyperactivity of the HPA axis with impaired feedback inhibition
Rationale: MDD is associated with elevated cortisol and impaired feedback control.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease?
,A. Lewy bodies
B. Beta-amyloid plaques
C. Demyelination
D. Dopaminergic neuron loss
Answer: B. Beta-amyloid plaques
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles.
5. Which symptom is typically the earliest in Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Tremor
B. Memory loss
C. Visual hallucinations
D. Muscle weakness
Answer: B. Memory loss
Rationale: Early Alzheimer’s presents with short-term memory impairment.
6. Parkinson’s disease primarily involves degeneration of neurons in which brain region?
A. Hippocampus
B. Substantia nigra
C. Cerebellum
D. Thalamus
Answer: B. Substantia nigra
Rationale: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes Parkinson’s disease.
7. Which of the following is a cardinal motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Hyperreflexia
B. Spasticity
C. Bradykinesia
D. Hemiparesis
Answer: C. Bradykinesia
Rationale: Bradykinesia is a key defining symptom of Parkinson’s.
8. Multiple sclerosis is best described as which type of disorder?
,A. Genetic muscular disorder
B. Autoimmune demyelinating disorder
C. Neurotransmitter deficiency disorder
D. Infectious encephalitis
Answer: B. Autoimmune demyelinating disorder
Rationale: MS involves immune-mediated destruction of CNS myelin.
9. Which of the following is a common early symptom of multiple sclerosis?
A. Ptosis
B. Resting tremor
C. Optic neuritis
D. Chorea
Answer: C. Optic neuritis
Rationale: Painful vision loss is a typical early sign of MS.
10. Myasthenia gravis is caused by autoantibodies against which of the following?
A. Dopamine receptors
B. Acetylcholine receptors
C. Myelin basic protein
D. Voltage-gated calcium channels
Answer: B. Acetylcholine receptors
Rationale: MG involves antibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular
junction.
11. Which of the following best describes the muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis?
A. Constant and progressive
B. Worse in the morning
C. Fluctuating and worsens with activity
D. Associated with muscle atrophy
Answer: C. Fluctuating and worsens with activity
Rationale: Weakness in MG increases with use and improves with rest.
1. What is a common symptom of convulsions?
, A. Nausea
B. Sudden involuntary muscle contractions
C. Fever
D. Fatigue
Answer: B. Sudden involuntary muscle contractions
Rationale: Convulsions involve sudden, involuntary muscle contractions leading to jerking
movements.
2. Which condition is associated with central nervous system inflammation?
A. Psoriasis
B. Acne
C. Multiple sclerosis
D. Rosacea
Answer: C. Multiple sclerosis
Rationale: MS is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.
3. Which of the following is most characteristic of diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
A. Symmetric distal sensory loss
B. Proximal muscle weakness
C. Facial nerve palsy
D. Hyperreflexia
Answer: A. Symmetric distal sensory loss
Rationale: Diabetic neuropathy presents with “stocking-glove” sensory loss.
4. A patient with a history of epilepsy presents with continuous seizures lasting over 5 minutes.
What is the most appropriate initial treatment?
A. Phenytoin
B. Diazepam
C. Levetiracetam
D. Phenobarbital
Answer: B. Diazepam
Rationale: Benzodiazepines are first-line for status epilepticus due to rapid action.
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)?
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. ACTH
D. Cortisol
Answer: C. ACTH
Rationale: CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which then acts on the
adrenal cortex.
2. What is the primary function of cortisol in the HPA axis feedback loop?
A. Stimulate CRH release
B. Inhibit ACTH production
C. Enhance adrenal gland growth
D. Promote oxytocin secretion
Answer: B. Inhibit ACTH production
Rationale: Cortisol provides negative feedback to reduce ACTH and CRH production.
3. Which of the following best describes the HPA axis in individuals with major depressive
disorder (MDD)?
A. Decreased cortisol levels due to adrenal insufficiency
B. Enhanced negative feedback sensitivity
C. Hyperactivity of the HPA axis with impaired feedback inhibition
D. Normal HPA axis function with no hormonal changes
Answer: C. Hyperactivity of the HPA axis with impaired feedback inhibition
Rationale: MDD is associated with elevated cortisol and impaired feedback control.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease?
,A. Lewy bodies
B. Beta-amyloid plaques
C. Demyelination
D. Dopaminergic neuron loss
Answer: B. Beta-amyloid plaques
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles.
5. Which symptom is typically the earliest in Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Tremor
B. Memory loss
C. Visual hallucinations
D. Muscle weakness
Answer: B. Memory loss
Rationale: Early Alzheimer’s presents with short-term memory impairment.
6. Parkinson’s disease primarily involves degeneration of neurons in which brain region?
A. Hippocampus
B. Substantia nigra
C. Cerebellum
D. Thalamus
Answer: B. Substantia nigra
Rationale: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes Parkinson’s disease.
7. Which of the following is a cardinal motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Hyperreflexia
B. Spasticity
C. Bradykinesia
D. Hemiparesis
Answer: C. Bradykinesia
Rationale: Bradykinesia is a key defining symptom of Parkinson’s.
8. Multiple sclerosis is best described as which type of disorder?
,A. Genetic muscular disorder
B. Autoimmune demyelinating disorder
C. Neurotransmitter deficiency disorder
D. Infectious encephalitis
Answer: B. Autoimmune demyelinating disorder
Rationale: MS involves immune-mediated destruction of CNS myelin.
9. Which of the following is a common early symptom of multiple sclerosis?
A. Ptosis
B. Resting tremor
C. Optic neuritis
D. Chorea
Answer: C. Optic neuritis
Rationale: Painful vision loss is a typical early sign of MS.
10. Myasthenia gravis is caused by autoantibodies against which of the following?
A. Dopamine receptors
B. Acetylcholine receptors
C. Myelin basic protein
D. Voltage-gated calcium channels
Answer: B. Acetylcholine receptors
Rationale: MG involves antibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular
junction.
11. Which of the following best describes the muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis?
A. Constant and progressive
B. Worse in the morning
C. Fluctuating and worsens with activity
D. Associated with muscle atrophy
Answer: C. Fluctuating and worsens with activity
Rationale: Weakness in MG increases with use and improves with rest.
1. What is a common symptom of convulsions?
, A. Nausea
B. Sudden involuntary muscle contractions
C. Fever
D. Fatigue
Answer: B. Sudden involuntary muscle contractions
Rationale: Convulsions involve sudden, involuntary muscle contractions leading to jerking
movements.
2. Which condition is associated with central nervous system inflammation?
A. Psoriasis
B. Acne
C. Multiple sclerosis
D. Rosacea
Answer: C. Multiple sclerosis
Rationale: MS is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.
3. Which of the following is most characteristic of diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
A. Symmetric distal sensory loss
B. Proximal muscle weakness
C. Facial nerve palsy
D. Hyperreflexia
Answer: A. Symmetric distal sensory loss
Rationale: Diabetic neuropathy presents with “stocking-glove” sensory loss.
4. A patient with a history of epilepsy presents with continuous seizures lasting over 5 minutes.
What is the most appropriate initial treatment?
A. Phenytoin
B. Diazepam
C. Levetiracetam
D. Phenobarbital
Answer: B. Diazepam
Rationale: Benzodiazepines are first-line for status epilepticus due to rapid action.
