NR566 MIDTERM CERTIFICATION TEST 2026
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Inducers (increase medication metabolism) Answer:
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
"CRAP GPS"
◉ What is narrow vs broad spectrum antibiotics? Answer: -narrow-
spectrum antibiotics are active against only a few species of
microorganisms
-broad-spectrum antibiotics are active against a wide variety of
microbes
◉ Do we usually order narrow or broad spectrum before receive
culture results? Answer: broad
,◉ Which one is more likely to facilitate emergence of drug-resistant
organisms and superinfections? Answer: broad
◉ Penicillin in pregnancy Answer: -B lactam antibiotics (contain B-
lactam ring)
-bacteria resistant by enzyme, which attacks the B lactate ring
-safe in pregnancy
-good against gram + bacteria
-targets bacterial cell wall
◉ Cephalosporins in pregnancy Answer: -B lactam antibiotics (1-3
generations)
-safe in pregnancy (B) -> ? congenital heart defects
◉ Tetracyclines in pregnancy Answer: -inhibits protein synthesis
-teratogenic
-avoided entirely during pregnancy (X) -> weakening, hypoplasia,
and discoloration of long bones and teeth
◉ Aminoglycosides in pregnancy Answer: -inhibits bacterial protein
synthesis
-works against aerobic bacteria
,-ineffective against anaerobic bacteria
-not safe in pregnancy (C/D)
-ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
◉ Macrolides in pregnancy Answer: -bacteriostatics that inhibit a
translocation step of protein synthesis by binding to bacterial
ribosomes
-broad spectrum
-safe in pregnancy (B)
-arrhythmia (prolong QT interval)
-alternative for penicillins
◉ Fluoroquinolones in pregnancy Answer: -inhibit DNA replication -
> cause DNA cleavage
-broad spectrum
-not safe in pregnancy (C)
-problems with tendons, joints, large vessels
◉ Lincomycin in pregnancy Answer: Ex. Clindamycin
-binds bacterial ribosome
-safe in pregnancy (B)
, ◉ Carbapenem in pregnancy Answer: -synthetic B lactam antibiotics
-ex. Imipenem
-borad spectrum
-no sufficient testing to determine safety in pregnancy
◉ Streptomycin and Kanamycin in pregnancy Answer: -avoided
entirely in pregnancy (X)
-may cause hearing loss
◉ Inhibitors of metabolism Answer: -sulfonamides
-trimethoprim
◉ Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Answer: -B lactase
-Daptomycin
-Fosfomycin
-Lipoglycopeptides
-Vancomycin
◉ Inhibitors of protein synthesis Answer: -Aminoglycosides
-Chloramphenicol
-Clindamycin
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Inducers (increase medication metabolism) Answer:
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
"CRAP GPS"
◉ What is narrow vs broad spectrum antibiotics? Answer: -narrow-
spectrum antibiotics are active against only a few species of
microorganisms
-broad-spectrum antibiotics are active against a wide variety of
microbes
◉ Do we usually order narrow or broad spectrum before receive
culture results? Answer: broad
,◉ Which one is more likely to facilitate emergence of drug-resistant
organisms and superinfections? Answer: broad
◉ Penicillin in pregnancy Answer: -B lactam antibiotics (contain B-
lactam ring)
-bacteria resistant by enzyme, which attacks the B lactate ring
-safe in pregnancy
-good against gram + bacteria
-targets bacterial cell wall
◉ Cephalosporins in pregnancy Answer: -B lactam antibiotics (1-3
generations)
-safe in pregnancy (B) -> ? congenital heart defects
◉ Tetracyclines in pregnancy Answer: -inhibits protein synthesis
-teratogenic
-avoided entirely during pregnancy (X) -> weakening, hypoplasia,
and discoloration of long bones and teeth
◉ Aminoglycosides in pregnancy Answer: -inhibits bacterial protein
synthesis
-works against aerobic bacteria
,-ineffective against anaerobic bacteria
-not safe in pregnancy (C/D)
-ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
◉ Macrolides in pregnancy Answer: -bacteriostatics that inhibit a
translocation step of protein synthesis by binding to bacterial
ribosomes
-broad spectrum
-safe in pregnancy (B)
-arrhythmia (prolong QT interval)
-alternative for penicillins
◉ Fluoroquinolones in pregnancy Answer: -inhibit DNA replication -
> cause DNA cleavage
-broad spectrum
-not safe in pregnancy (C)
-problems with tendons, joints, large vessels
◉ Lincomycin in pregnancy Answer: Ex. Clindamycin
-binds bacterial ribosome
-safe in pregnancy (B)
, ◉ Carbapenem in pregnancy Answer: -synthetic B lactam antibiotics
-ex. Imipenem
-borad spectrum
-no sufficient testing to determine safety in pregnancy
◉ Streptomycin and Kanamycin in pregnancy Answer: -avoided
entirely in pregnancy (X)
-may cause hearing loss
◉ Inhibitors of metabolism Answer: -sulfonamides
-trimethoprim
◉ Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Answer: -B lactase
-Daptomycin
-Fosfomycin
-Lipoglycopeptides
-Vancomycin
◉ Inhibitors of protein synthesis Answer: -Aminoglycosides
-Chloramphenicol
-Clindamycin
