advanced pathophysiology NR 507
(Latest 2025-2026 Edition) 100% Verified Q&A + Answer
310+
Key Solutions
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Question 1
Fat Soluble Hormones
Correct Answer
Steroids
Question 2
Water Soluble Hormones
Correct Answer
Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Question 3
Pituitary Hormones
Correct Answer
TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Question 4
Anterior Pituitary
Correct Answer
Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars
distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Question 5
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Correct Answer
Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars
nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral
hypothalamus.
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,Question 6
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence.
Correct Answer
Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin,
acetylcholine, and histamine.
Question 7
Pituitary stalk
Correct Answer
contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Question 8
Hormones of posterior pituitary
Correct Answer
ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
Question 9
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone)
Correct Answer
Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Question 10
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones)
Correct Answer
HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Question 11
Somatostatin
Correct Answer
Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Question 12
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
Correct Answer
Stimulates release of FSH and LH
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,Question 13
Dopamine
Correct Answer
Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Question 14
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)
Correct Answer
Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Question 15
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function
Correct Answer
ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein
hormones
Question 16
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Question 17
Prolactin,
Correct Answer
Milk production
Question 18
TSH
Correct Answer
Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Question 19
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Correct Answer
Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
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, Question 20
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Correct Answer
Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
Question 21
B-Lipotropin
Correct Answer
Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
Question 22
B-Endorphins
Correct Answer
Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
Question 23
ADH functions
Correct Answer
Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase
permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine,
these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Question 24
Osmoreceptors
Correct Answer
Question 25
High levels of ADH
Correct Answer
Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
Question 26
ADH secretion is controlled by:
Correct Answer
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is
then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect
affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and
carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 4 of 44
(Latest 2025-2026 Edition) 100% Verified Q&A + Answer
310+
Key Solutions
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Question 1
Fat Soluble Hormones
Correct Answer
Steroids
Question 2
Water Soluble Hormones
Correct Answer
Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Question 3
Pituitary Hormones
Correct Answer
TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Question 4
Anterior Pituitary
Correct Answer
Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars
distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Question 5
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Correct Answer
Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars
nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral
hypothalamus.
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 1 of 44
,Question 6
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence.
Correct Answer
Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin,
acetylcholine, and histamine.
Question 7
Pituitary stalk
Correct Answer
contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Question 8
Hormones of posterior pituitary
Correct Answer
ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
Question 9
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone)
Correct Answer
Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Question 10
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones)
Correct Answer
HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Question 11
Somatostatin
Correct Answer
Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Question 12
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
Correct Answer
Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 2 of 44
,Question 13
Dopamine
Correct Answer
Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Question 14
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)
Correct Answer
Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Question 15
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function
Correct Answer
ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein
hormones
Question 16
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Question 17
Prolactin,
Correct Answer
Milk production
Question 18
TSH
Correct Answer
Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Question 19
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Correct Answer
Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 3 of 44
, Question 20
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Correct Answer
Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
Question 21
B-Lipotropin
Correct Answer
Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
Question 22
B-Endorphins
Correct Answer
Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
Question 23
ADH functions
Correct Answer
Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase
permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine,
these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Question 24
Osmoreceptors
Correct Answer
Question 25
High levels of ADH
Correct Answer
Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
Question 26
ADH secretion is controlled by:
Correct Answer
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is
then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect
affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and
carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 4 of 44
