NR 283-Edapt-Perfusion and
Clotting Week 4 with Complete
Solutions!!!
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
Perfusion and Clotting Week 4
Perfusion
Introduction to Perfusion
Perfusion is the flooding of the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and nutrients.
Getting blood to the tissue is a function of the heart and fluid volume. Clotting is the clumping together
and prevention of blood from escaping the vascular system, and gas exchange is the trade of carbon
dioxide with oxygen in the tissues. Central is blood that is pumped by the heart to oxygenate major body
organs. Cardiac output creates central perfusion. Tissue is the volume of blood that flows from the arteries
to the peripheral tissues (capillaries).
Distal and midline are points of reference related to the body.
To get nutrients and oxygen into tissues, there are three important components, including fluid volume
(transport), perfusion, and gas exchange.
Once blood reaches and perfuses the tissue, it is up to gas exchange to get those nutrients and oxygen to the
cells that need it. Perfusion ensures that every cell is reached.
Types and Attributions of Perfusion
There are four general perfusion classifications:
• Tissue perfusion targets the skin and local areas.
• Myocardial perfusion targets the heart.
• Central perfusion targets vital organs.
• Cerebral perfusion targets the brain.
Adequate Perfusion
Adequate perfusion starts in the heart. We use a formula called cardiac output, which is heart rate (per
minute) multiplied by stroke volume (force of heart squeeze). A good cardiac output is 4–8 liters per minute.
Because it is difficult to measure this in the average person without sticking tubes in the body, we use blood
pressure.
There are other ways to measure perfusion, most with just a touch or a glance. Sometimes, just looking at the
skin color, capillary refill (in the fingernails), the color of skin around the lips, or even how alert someone is,
can give you an idea that the perfusion is good, or not so good.
Process of Perfusion
• Infarction – area of dead tissue
• Hypoxia – not enough oxygen to exchange
• Hypoxemia – not enough oxygen in the blood
• Necrosis – tissue death
• Ischemia – poor perfusion to the tissue/organ
Risk Factors for Poor Perfusion
Conditions, such as atherosclerotic heart disease, cause blockages in the vascular system which leads to poor
perfusion. Hypertension and dyslipidemia lead to vascular disease, which also affects perfusion. Vascular
disease is a risk factor associated with poor perfusion. Poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus is also a risk.
Hyperglycemia causes arterial inflammation and can lead to vascular disease.
Age is a risk factor. As we age, our arteries and veins calcify, thus making perfusion more difficult.
Also, lifestyle behaviors may present a risk. Any type of tobacco product use—including being around
secondhand smoke —and alcohol misuse causes arterial inflammation and eventually can lead to vascular
disease.
Risk of Altered Perfusion
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
Conditions that cause cell death include:
• myocardial infarction
• cerebral vascular accident
• sepsis
• traumatic event with blood loss
• peripheral vascular disease
Conditions that do not cause cell death include:
• deep vein thrombosis
• kidney failure
• hypertension
• allergic rhinitis
• diabetes
Perfusion and Age
Some risk factors associated with a case of poor perfusion due to an artery blockage.
Hypertension and dyslipidemia lead to vascular disease, which affects perfusion. As we age, our arteries and
veins calcify, thus making perfusion more difficult. Any type of tobacco use causes arterial inflammation and
can eventually lead to vascular disease. Having a family member with a perfusion problem can put someone
more at risk for perfusion problems.
Atherosclerotic heart disease causes blockages in the vascular system which lead to poor perfusion.
Not drinking alcohol reduces someone’s risk of perfusion problems. Eczema is not a risk factor, nor does it
affect perfusion.
Perfusion
Perfusion occurs as the blood reaches the tissue, it surrounds the cells within the capillary beds in preparation
to deliver nutrients and oxygen.
Fluid volume is the amount of blood that is moved through the vascular system with each beat of the heart.
For this to work, the fluid volume of the vascular system must be adequate.
Gas exchange occurs once the blood cells are close to the tissue and oxygen and nutrients are transferred into
the cells, while carbon dioxide and other waste products are transferred to the blood.
The blood is returned to the lungs where the carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is collected, which is also
included as part of gas exchange.
Reduce the risk of perfusion problems (vascular disease) by:
Clotting Week 4 with Complete
Solutions!!!
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
Perfusion and Clotting Week 4
Perfusion
Introduction to Perfusion
Perfusion is the flooding of the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and nutrients.
Getting blood to the tissue is a function of the heart and fluid volume. Clotting is the clumping together
and prevention of blood from escaping the vascular system, and gas exchange is the trade of carbon
dioxide with oxygen in the tissues. Central is blood that is pumped by the heart to oxygenate major body
organs. Cardiac output creates central perfusion. Tissue is the volume of blood that flows from the arteries
to the peripheral tissues (capillaries).
Distal and midline are points of reference related to the body.
To get nutrients and oxygen into tissues, there are three important components, including fluid volume
(transport), perfusion, and gas exchange.
Once blood reaches and perfuses the tissue, it is up to gas exchange to get those nutrients and oxygen to the
cells that need it. Perfusion ensures that every cell is reached.
Types and Attributions of Perfusion
There are four general perfusion classifications:
• Tissue perfusion targets the skin and local areas.
• Myocardial perfusion targets the heart.
• Central perfusion targets vital organs.
• Cerebral perfusion targets the brain.
Adequate Perfusion
Adequate perfusion starts in the heart. We use a formula called cardiac output, which is heart rate (per
minute) multiplied by stroke volume (force of heart squeeze). A good cardiac output is 4–8 liters per minute.
Because it is difficult to measure this in the average person without sticking tubes in the body, we use blood
pressure.
There are other ways to measure perfusion, most with just a touch or a glance. Sometimes, just looking at the
skin color, capillary refill (in the fingernails), the color of skin around the lips, or even how alert someone is,
can give you an idea that the perfusion is good, or not so good.
Process of Perfusion
• Infarction – area of dead tissue
• Hypoxia – not enough oxygen to exchange
• Hypoxemia – not enough oxygen in the blood
• Necrosis – tissue death
• Ischemia – poor perfusion to the tissue/organ
Risk Factors for Poor Perfusion
Conditions, such as atherosclerotic heart disease, cause blockages in the vascular system which leads to poor
perfusion. Hypertension and dyslipidemia lead to vascular disease, which also affects perfusion. Vascular
disease is a risk factor associated with poor perfusion. Poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus is also a risk.
Hyperglycemia causes arterial inflammation and can lead to vascular disease.
Age is a risk factor. As we age, our arteries and veins calcify, thus making perfusion more difficult.
Also, lifestyle behaviors may present a risk. Any type of tobacco product use—including being around
secondhand smoke —and alcohol misuse causes arterial inflammation and eventually can lead to vascular
disease.
Risk of Altered Perfusion
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
Conditions that cause cell death include:
• myocardial infarction
• cerebral vascular accident
• sepsis
• traumatic event with blood loss
• peripheral vascular disease
Conditions that do not cause cell death include:
• deep vein thrombosis
• kidney failure
• hypertension
• allergic rhinitis
• diabetes
Perfusion and Age
Some risk factors associated with a case of poor perfusion due to an artery blockage.
Hypertension and dyslipidemia lead to vascular disease, which affects perfusion. As we age, our arteries and
veins calcify, thus making perfusion more difficult. Any type of tobacco use causes arterial inflammation and
can eventually lead to vascular disease. Having a family member with a perfusion problem can put someone
more at risk for perfusion problems.
Atherosclerotic heart disease causes blockages in the vascular system which lead to poor perfusion.
Not drinking alcohol reduces someone’s risk of perfusion problems. Eczema is not a risk factor, nor does it
affect perfusion.
Perfusion
Perfusion occurs as the blood reaches the tissue, it surrounds the cells within the capillary beds in preparation
to deliver nutrients and oxygen.
Fluid volume is the amount of blood that is moved through the vascular system with each beat of the heart.
For this to work, the fluid volume of the vascular system must be adequate.
Gas exchange occurs once the blood cells are close to the tissue and oxygen and nutrients are transferred into
the cells, while carbon dioxide and other waste products are transferred to the blood.
The blood is returned to the lungs where the carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is collected, which is also
included as part of gas exchange.
Reduce the risk of perfusion problems (vascular disease) by:
