NRS 2010 Exam 1 Solved 100%
Correct Questions And Answers 2025
causes of disease - Answer - 1. congenital = genetic
2. acquired = picked up along the way
3. infections
metaplasia - Answer - Replacement of one type of cell with another
-lung tissue changes in smokers
cellular injury - Answer - occurs if cell unable to maintain homeostasis
-reversible: cells recover
-irreversible: cells die
hypoxic - Answer - a type of cellular injury due to lack of oxygen; most common cause of cellular
injury
-reduced amount of oxygen in air
-loss of hemoglobin
-decreased production of RBCs
-diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
-poisoning of the oxidative enzymes (cytochromes)
what is the most common cause of cellular injury? - Answer - hypoxic injury
,ischemia - Answer - inability of tissue to receive oxygen & reduced blood supply, most common
cause of hypoxia
-cause of bed sores (ischemic injury)
what is the most common cause of hypoxia? - Answer - ischemia
Ischemia-reperfusion injury - Answer - Additional injury that can be caused by restoration of
blood flow and oxygen
-oxidative stress: excess free radicals
-increased intracellular calcium
-inflammation
-complement activation
anoxia - Answer - total lack of oxygen, causes hypoxic injury, can lead to reperfusion injury
-decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange
-cellular swelling
-vacuolation (build vacuoles/bubbles of intracellular fluid)
Hydropic degeneration - Answer - reversible swelling of injured cells due to the accumulation of
sodium and water in the cytoplasm from damage sodium pump due to loss of O2 which means
loss of ATP so we can't pump sodium out of the cell. Thus water follows sodium into the cell
-due to anoxia
oxidative stress - Answer - when there isn't enough antioxidants to stop the damage of free
radicals
Asphyxial injuries - Answer - Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
-Suffocation: oxygen failing to reach blood, (choking from no air like trapped in fridge)
, -Strangulation: compression/closure of vessels/airways from external pressure on neck,
(hanging, ligature, and manual)
-Chemical asphyxiants: carbon monozide, cyanide
-Drowning
infectious injury - Answer - Pathogenicity of a microorganism (how capable is an organism
resulting in a disease) that has a disease-producing potential:
-invasion and destruction
-toxin production
-production of hypersensitivity reactions (allergic response, histamine-dumping cells)
immunologic and inflammatory injury - Answer - cellular membranes are injured by direct
contact with components of the immune or inflammatory response
-phagocytic cells (consume bacteria/viruses/bad agents)
-immune and inflammatory substances (histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and
proteases) (membrane alterations)
phagocytic cells - Answer - cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
-lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages
9 cellular accumulations during injury - Answer - Water
Lipids and carbohydrates
Glycogen
Proteins
Pigments: melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin (bruise)
Calcium: dystrophic (in dying/dead tissues) or metastatic (in undamaged normal tissues)
Urate (biproduct of gout, creates crystallization)
Correct Questions And Answers 2025
causes of disease - Answer - 1. congenital = genetic
2. acquired = picked up along the way
3. infections
metaplasia - Answer - Replacement of one type of cell with another
-lung tissue changes in smokers
cellular injury - Answer - occurs if cell unable to maintain homeostasis
-reversible: cells recover
-irreversible: cells die
hypoxic - Answer - a type of cellular injury due to lack of oxygen; most common cause of cellular
injury
-reduced amount of oxygen in air
-loss of hemoglobin
-decreased production of RBCs
-diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
-poisoning of the oxidative enzymes (cytochromes)
what is the most common cause of cellular injury? - Answer - hypoxic injury
,ischemia - Answer - inability of tissue to receive oxygen & reduced blood supply, most common
cause of hypoxia
-cause of bed sores (ischemic injury)
what is the most common cause of hypoxia? - Answer - ischemia
Ischemia-reperfusion injury - Answer - Additional injury that can be caused by restoration of
blood flow and oxygen
-oxidative stress: excess free radicals
-increased intracellular calcium
-inflammation
-complement activation
anoxia - Answer - total lack of oxygen, causes hypoxic injury, can lead to reperfusion injury
-decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange
-cellular swelling
-vacuolation (build vacuoles/bubbles of intracellular fluid)
Hydropic degeneration - Answer - reversible swelling of injured cells due to the accumulation of
sodium and water in the cytoplasm from damage sodium pump due to loss of O2 which means
loss of ATP so we can't pump sodium out of the cell. Thus water follows sodium into the cell
-due to anoxia
oxidative stress - Answer - when there isn't enough antioxidants to stop the damage of free
radicals
Asphyxial injuries - Answer - Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
-Suffocation: oxygen failing to reach blood, (choking from no air like trapped in fridge)
, -Strangulation: compression/closure of vessels/airways from external pressure on neck,
(hanging, ligature, and manual)
-Chemical asphyxiants: carbon monozide, cyanide
-Drowning
infectious injury - Answer - Pathogenicity of a microorganism (how capable is an organism
resulting in a disease) that has a disease-producing potential:
-invasion and destruction
-toxin production
-production of hypersensitivity reactions (allergic response, histamine-dumping cells)
immunologic and inflammatory injury - Answer - cellular membranes are injured by direct
contact with components of the immune or inflammatory response
-phagocytic cells (consume bacteria/viruses/bad agents)
-immune and inflammatory substances (histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and
proteases) (membrane alterations)
phagocytic cells - Answer - cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
-lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages
9 cellular accumulations during injury - Answer - Water
Lipids and carbohydrates
Glycogen
Proteins
Pigments: melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin (bruise)
Calcium: dystrophic (in dying/dead tissues) or metastatic (in undamaged normal tissues)
Urate (biproduct of gout, creates crystallization)
