BIOL 1902 Questions + Answers Graded A+

3 ways cowbirds find hosts - 1. sit high on perch and look around 2. walk on ground and look 3. drive birds off by scaring them so that they can lay their eggs 4 advantages of seed dispersal - -Avoids crowding competition -Prevents spread of disease -Prevents in-breeding -Saves some offspring from being eaten 5 adaptations of obligate brood parasites - 1. fast egg laying (20-40 sec for cowbirds) 2. thicker egg shells 3. fast hatching egg 4. removal of host egg prior to laying 5. baby birds can outcompete nest mates because they are bigger Altricial - hatched or born in an undeveloped state and requiring care and feeding by the parents. altricial nestlings - shorter incubation period and under developed when hatching (ex. songbirds) amplexus - the mating position of frogs and toads, in which the male clasps the female about the back. Anemochory - seed dispersal by wind (ex. dandelions, goatsbeard) anemophily and its drawback and solution - wind pollination (sedges, ragweed, coniferous trees)drawback: no promise pollen will make it to another plant solution: make a lot of pollen anther cone - structure that supports poricidal pore anthers - part of the stamen that creates pollen antler displays - males comparing size of antlers - can defuse aggression Asexual Reproduction - Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself asynchronously hatching - eggs hatch at different times (ex. owls - born altricial) Autotrophic - an organism capable of making their own food Baculum - penis bone that adds support (ex. walrus) Ballistic Ejection - the pods shrink and the seeds are squeezed out on by on spring ephemerals. Also seen with Orange Jewelweed: traps are tense when the seed matures and when touches the straps act as a catapult and seeds are thrown metres away. Bashing stamens - Laurels have pressure building system that when they are touched will whack the insect and leave pollen on them. Bat gestation - gestation is only 90 days but delayed fertilization for almost 9 months biparental care - both parents provide care for offspring (ex. foxes and wolves)Biparental care in birds - about 90% of birds display this Black bear gestation and infancy - gestation is 2 months after a 4 month delayed implantation - cubs are born in an altricial state during dormancy period (January) and stay with the mother for a year and a half Boom/bust strategy - Many plants vary seed production based on environmental conditions - they will abort seeds if conditions become poor Brood amalgamation - two broods (i.e. bird babies) combining into one (ex. ducks) brood patch - on the abdomen of birds, a thickened, wrinkly, blood vessel heavy, featherless patch of skin that is used for incubating eggs in birds that only provide maternal care only females have brood patches (ex. ducks and hummingbirds) but in biparental care birds both have them (ex. kildeer and flickers) - Warblers only females have brood patches even though both care for young. Brood reduction - reduction if one's offspring (ex. opossum - produce as many as 50 babies but only have 13 nipples, eagles - produce 2 eggs but only one survives etc.) brood site deception - plant pretends to offer place to raise young with use of scent Ex: Red trilliums that smell like rotting flesh attacks carrion (to lay eggs), Wild ginger smell like rotting fungus to attract fungus gnats Bruce Effect - termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female (voles) buzz pollination - a technique used by some bees to release pollen from poricidal pores by buzzing their wings as certain frequencies to 'shake out' pollenCarnivorous plants - Plants that get some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals. (ex. sundew, pitcher plants, bladderworts) Caruncle and snood - caruncle - rough skin on the neck snood - skin off of the beak Cat penises - is hidden has spines, possibly for stimulation Cavity excavators vs. cavity adopters - excavators create cavities in trees to nest in - more success rate than adopters because they can make the cavities where they want in the tree and they are also better defended because of the tools used for excavating adopters find already formed cavities and nest there **all birds that live in cavities have a higher success rate than those that do not clasper tool - damselfly tool used to hold, stimulate and insert sperm into female Cleistogamous flowers - A secondary flower under the ground that has sexual organs that can selfpollinate if the above ground flower fails Cloaca - openings on birds which contain reproductive cells cloacal kiss - how birds reproduce (pressing cloacas together) Colonial growth - a plant that grows a multitude of leaves in order to collect more sunlight (ex. bunchberry) creche - combined group of baby birds (ex. ducks) - this may provide safety in numberscross-pollination - a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant - this allows for genetic variation, allowing for better chances at survival Cuckoldry - another male fathers one of the eggs in an assumed ;monogamous' bird Delayed fertilization - females store sperm in the uterus for an extended period of time ex. bats, social insects like bumblebees and paper wasps) delayed implantation - a delay in implantation of an embryo (blastocyst) into the uterus, allowing for the proper timing of birth (ex. black bears, fishers) dichogamy - plant that becomes a different sex at different times (ex. jewelweed) different parts of Moose antlers - tines - spikey parts on antlers palm - flat part disadvantages to anemochory - seed could land in the wrong spot plants produce many seeds to compensate double fertilization - occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule - unique to plants Ectomycorrhizae - Mycorrhizae that grow around the root of the plant. egg dumping - females lay their eggs (or only one) in other nests of their own species elaisome - a structure on the surface of some seeds generally containing oils attractive to ants, which act as dispersers of such seeds. (ex. spring ephemerals)Endomycorrhizae - Mycorrhizae that grow inside the root of the plant. (ex. orchid, black spruce) Endozoochory - animal seed dispersal through internal transportation (i.e. eating and pooping out) Entomophily - insect pollination (ex. wasps, bees, butterflies, moths, beetles etc.) Ephemeral pond - temporary ponds in the forest that normally dry up in summer - ideal egg-laying habitat epizoochory - animal seed dispersal through outside transportation hooks and barbs can catch on fur or feathers to be transported (ex. stick-tight, burdock seeds, queenanne's lace) Explain how some parasitoids use paralyzation? - some parasitoid parents will paralyse a host and lay their eggs inside them (ex. thread-wasted wasps, spider wasp) (digger wasp will dig hole to catch prey and then paralyse them to lay their eggs in the host - cerceris is a digger wasp that specializes in beetles) Explain touch sensitive paws. - must have a whole brain section for this (ex. raccoons) external fertilization - The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female (ex. fish, frogs) Extra-pair copulations (EPCs) - copulations that occur outside established social associations (i.e. male sneaks off to mate with another who is not his assigned partner) (ex. purple martin - often an older male establishes dominance, scarlet tanagers - males wander to distant counties)