APHON EXAM WITH QUESTINS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
How does cancer start? - ANSWER with one cell; one genetic mutation
How are cyclins activated? - ANSWER When they are bound with a CDK
enzyme
What do cyclins do? - ANSWER stimulate the cell to go to the next phase
What do CDK inhibitors do? - ANSWER prevent damaged cells from replicating
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER programmed cell death
What is a natural cell death where the cell blebbs and is removed by phagocytes?
- ANSWER apoptosis
Do cancer cells have apoptosis? - ANSWER no
What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to treat
cancer? - ANSWER resistance to single chemotherapy agents can develop
Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents? - ANSWER to overcome drug
resistance and give a broader range of coverage against naturally resistant tumor
cells
In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for? - ANSWER primary
Tumor size
In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for? - ANSWER presence or
absence of lymph Node involvement
In the TNM staging system, what does the M stand for? - ANSWER presence or
absence of distant Metastases
What is pharmacodynamics? - ANSWER the effect of the medication on the
body
What is pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER How the body affects the medication
What is pharmacogenetics? - ANSWER How their genetic makeup affects the
response
In pharmacogenetics, what are genetic variations (a possible reason to why ppl
respond to medications differently) also called? - ANSWER polymorphisms
LATEST UPDATE
How does cancer start? - ANSWER with one cell; one genetic mutation
How are cyclins activated? - ANSWER When they are bound with a CDK
enzyme
What do cyclins do? - ANSWER stimulate the cell to go to the next phase
What do CDK inhibitors do? - ANSWER prevent damaged cells from replicating
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER programmed cell death
What is a natural cell death where the cell blebbs and is removed by phagocytes?
- ANSWER apoptosis
Do cancer cells have apoptosis? - ANSWER no
What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to treat
cancer? - ANSWER resistance to single chemotherapy agents can develop
Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents? - ANSWER to overcome drug
resistance and give a broader range of coverage against naturally resistant tumor
cells
In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for? - ANSWER primary
Tumor size
In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for? - ANSWER presence or
absence of lymph Node involvement
In the TNM staging system, what does the M stand for? - ANSWER presence or
absence of distant Metastases
What is pharmacodynamics? - ANSWER the effect of the medication on the
body
What is pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER How the body affects the medication
What is pharmacogenetics? - ANSWER How their genetic makeup affects the
response
In pharmacogenetics, what are genetic variations (a possible reason to why ppl
respond to medications differently) also called? - ANSWER polymorphisms
