Human structure and function Questions And Answers

Human structure and function Define "anatomy" and "physiology" and distinguish between these two fields. - Answer-Anatomy= is the scientific study of the body's structures Physiology= science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions List the major levels of organisation of the human body. - Answer-Atom - Water molecule - Molecules combine to form organelles of a cell - cells combine to form body tissues - two or more different tissues combine to form an organ - two or more organs work together to perform the functions of the body system - many organ systems work together to perform the functions of an independent organism. Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - Organ system - Organismal level List the 11 organ systems of the human body. - Answer-Integumentary (skin, hair, sweat glands, nails) Skeletal (bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow) Muscular (skeletal muscles, tendons) Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs) Endorcrine system (Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads (testes and ovaries) Endocrine tissues in other systems. Cardiovascular system (heart, blood, blood vessels) Lymphatic system ( Spleen, thymus, lympatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils) Respiratory (Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli Digestive (Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas Urinary (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) Reproductive ( gonads (testes and ovaries), reproductive tracts, mammary glands) Directional Anatomy - Answer-Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot. Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella. Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris. Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits. Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe. Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium. Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur. Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones. Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull. Body planes - Answer-Sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. Frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane.