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How are indigenous people overrepresented as victims - Answer- More likely to report
physical or sexual violence at least once before the age of 15, Indigenous women
experience high degrees of violence and are more likely to experience sexual and
physical violence by intimate partners
The national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls - Answer-
Reports on the systemic causes of all forms of violence against indigenous women and
girls, including sexual violence
The crime control model operates on... - Answer- The presumption of guilt - if you make
it to the court stage, you are probably guilty
Discretion in the criminal justice system is exercised by... - Answer- Community, police,
Crown, judges, correctional authorities
Additional methods of measuring crime - Answer- Hospital admissions, reports to social
agencies, inquests and public inquiries
Special challenges in measuring crime - Victimization - Answer- Institutionalized
populations, systemic forms of victimization, victimization by the state
Systemic racism - Answer- The social production of racial inequality in decisions about
people and in the treatment they receive
Systemic racism is produced by a combination of: - Answer- racialization, structure, and
personnel
Indigenous over-representation beyond the CJS - Answer- First nations children are
drastically overrepresented at every point of intervention by child welfare authorities
Socioeconomic factors resulting in the overrepresentation of indigenous people in the
CJS - Answer- Lower average annual income, higher proportions of indigenous people
having difficulty paying bills, higher levels of food insecurity, higher unemployment
rates, lower levels of education