- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

What does fetal monitoring tell us? Fetal oxygenation, acid-base status of the fetus, ability of the CNS to regulate FHR What is the best predictor of fetal health? Variability What conditions can affect the fetal oxygen supply? 1. Maternal HTN/Hypotension 2. Hypovolemia 3. Anemia 4. Damaged vasculature **Alterations in fetal circulation - 2 vessel cord or other congenital abnormalities What are potential consequences of Uterine Hypoxia/asphyxia? Cerebral palsy Epilepsy RDS (Resp distress sy...

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23 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is normal ICP range? 5-15 mm Hg What is Monroe Kellie Hypothesis? one has to derease for other to increase (CSF, Blood, Brain Tissue) What are the three parts of Monroe Kellie Hypothesis? CSF- 10% Blood- 10% Brain Tissue- 80% (last to shift--decompensation to herniation) What leads to increase brain mass of IICP? due to tumors, edema (surgery), infection/inflammation, ischemia, infarction (brain) What is an example of IICP increase in CSF? meningitis What are the parts of the tenatoriu...

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15 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Intracranial regulation definition maintaining a balance to promote an environment that is conducive to optimal brain functioning Three components in skull brain 80% Blood 10% Csf 10% Icp (intracranial pressure) the sum of pressure exerted by these three elements. Normally it is below 15 mm hg What is considered an increased intracranial pressure/intracranial hypertension? sustained greater than 20 mm hg Monro-kellie doctrine if one component increases, another must decrease to maintain icp ...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Anxiety definition sense of dread without any apparent stimulus, leads to negative coping mechanisms Avoidance (in anxiety) social interactions, relationships, opportunities for growth Somatic responses (in anxiety) palpitations, sweating, rapid breathing Potential causes of anxiety traumatic events and stress Genetic influences What neurotransmitters are impacted to cause anxiety? decreased GABA receptors in amygdala and hippocampus (may be decrease in serotonin as well) Anxiety mechanism ...

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7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Perfusion The flow of blood through the arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and O2 to cells and removing cellular waste products Occurs when blood supply is available but decreased When does Ischemia occur? Occurs with prolonged ischemia, eventually leading to necrosis and death of affected tissue When does Infarction occur? Cardiac Output An outcome of coordinated effects of electrical and mechanical factors that move blood through the heart into the peripheral vascular system Pro...

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6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Joey has has just been transferred to your unit after having surgery 3 days ago. What type of assessment should be done: A. Focussed assessment B. Emergency assessment C. Comprehensive assessment A. Focussed assessment What is the purpose of a Health assessment? Provides information of patient's past and current health, including strengths and coping skills What are the components of Biographical data in the health history? Name Address and phone number Age and birth date Birthplace Gender Ma...

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17 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Systolic + 2(Diastolic) /3 Pulse pressure systolic pressure - diastolic pressure Pulse pressure normal ranges 40-60 mmHg cardiac catheterization a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart evaluates heart function and diagnose cardiovascular conditions. Telemetry the process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring of HR, breathing, and BP transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) specialized echoca...

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15 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Priority levels 1. Immediate (emergency, life threatening) 2. Second level (urgent, must be addressed to prevent further deterioration) 3. Third level (important to patient health) 4. Collaborative problems ( interprofessional team, ex. substance abuse) Arranging the physical setting - Minimize interruptions and establish rapport -Leave enough distance, and allow for personal space -Equal seating Patient introduction 1. wash hands 2. NOD (name, occupation, duty) 3. Purpose of assessment Motiv...

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33 pages

Written in 2024/2025

twishfrancis

A 91-year-old client, who is being prepared for discharge, has been prescribed the diuretic spironolactone. While teaching the client about the drug, what major adverse effect should the nurse be sure to mention? A) Hypokalemia B) Hyperkalemia C) Angina D) Hypertension B) Hyperkalemia The nurse is reviewing the potassium level of a patient with kidney disease. The results of the test are 6.5 mEq/L, and the nurse observes peaked T waves on the ECG. What priority intervention does the nurse antic...

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7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

twishfrancis

Variability Among Older Adults Physiological, cognitive, and psychosocial health Levels of functional ability Dependence vs. independence Strengths and abilities Myths and Stereotypes Ill, disabled, and unattractive Forgetful, confused, rigid, boring, unfriendly, and poor Unable to learn and understand new information Not interested in sex or sexual activities Nurses' Attitudes Toward Older Adults Nurses must assess their own attitude toward older adults and their own aging. Nurses need to ga...

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17 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Nursing as Scientific Discipline -defintion of nursing <> nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering thru the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations (ANA, 2015, p.1) <> nursing is about facilitating positive patient outcomes Scope of Nursing Practice -nursing occurs wheneve...

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18 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What are the five steps of the nursing process? ADPIE (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) What is included during the assessment phase? The systematic collection of data relating to clients, organizing data, validating data, and documenting data What is the purpose of assessment? Establish a database about client's response to health concerns or illness and ability to manage health needs What are the activities involved in the assessment? Obtain NSG health history, ...

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14 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Which nurse most likely kept records on sanitation techniques and the effects on health? A. Florence Nightingale B. Mary Nutting C. Clara Barton D. Lillian Wald a. Florence Nightingale The nurse prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcome. Which standard of nursing practice is the nurse following? A. Assessment B. Diagnosis C. Planning D. Implementation c. Planning An experienced medical-surgical nurse chooses to work in obstetrics. Which level of proficiency is the nur...

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17 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

You are preparing a presentation for your classmates regarding the clinical care coordination conference for a patient with terminal cancer. As part of the preparation you have your classmates read the Nursing Code of Ethics for Professional Registered Nurses. Your instructor asks the class why this document is important. Which statement best describes this code? 1. Improves self-health care 2. Protects the patient's confidentiality 3. Ensures identical care to all patients 4. Defines the princ...

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10 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

A nurse is caring for a patient in the hospital. When should the nurse begin discharge planning? a. When the patient is ready. b. After an order is written/prescribed. c. Upon admission to the hospital. d. When the patient is ready. c A nurse provides immunization to children and adults through the public health department. Which type of health care is the nurse providing? a. Preventative Care b. Continuing Care c. Restorative Care d. Acute Care a A nurse is working in a health care organizati...

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27 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Three D's of Cognitive Impairment dementia, delirium, depression Delirium an acutely disturbed state of mind that occurs in fever, intoxication, and other disorders and is characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence of thought and speech. Etiology of Delirium underlying cognitive impairment functional impairment depression acute illness sensory impairment Precipitating factors of Delirium medications procedures restraints iatrogenic events sleep deprivation bladder catheter...

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15 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a form of the sudden onset of severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult Surfactant chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing Causes & Risk Factors for ARDS Sepsis Burns Pancreatitis Blood transfusion Inhalation of toxic substances Gastric content aspiration Phases of ARDS & their timeframes Exudative Phase (24 hours post injury) Proliferative Ph...

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21 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Autonomic Dysreflexia An emergent condition seen in patients with spinal cord injuries at level T6 and above. Characterized by uncontrolled, rapid-onset hypertension, bradycardia, intense headaches and facial erythema. Triggered by "noxious stimuli". Autonomic Dysreflexia intervention Raise head of bed 90 degrees, administer antihypertensives, remove tight clothing, check urinary catheters for kinks and clamps, remove fecal impactions. DaTScan An imaging test that follows the path of dopamin...

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2 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

A patient has decreased fluid volume after open heart surgery, and his cardiac output is low. Which of the factors affecting co is most likely the contributing factor to the low co? A. Preload B. Afterload C. Contractility D. Blood pressure a Where does the electrical impulse in the heart begin? A. Av node B. Bundle of his C. Sa node D. Rt atrium a (sa node is known as the pacemaker of the heart) The nurse is providing discharge instructions for a client prescribed the thiazide diuretic hyd...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

3 groups of major organ glands endocrine glands that serve only as endocrine glands (pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, thyroid, thymus, adrenal) Endocrine glands that can also be exocrine (pancreas, ovaries, testis) Hypothalamus - can synthesize/control hormones to affect other endocrine glands Endocrine vs. Exocrine endocrine - release chemicals within body Exocrine - release chemicals to outside of body Nervous system vs. Endocrine system Nervous system: Uses electrochemical signals Fast and...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis