Respiratory
>
- structure and function >
- normal breath sounds
• upper airway - nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx • vesicular - low pitched, soft sound during
- warm, filter, humidify inspired air expiration, heard over most of lungs
• lower airway - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli • bronchial - high pitched, longer, over trachea
- conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, production • bronchovesicular - medium pitch during
of surfactant expiration, over upper anterior chest/
• right lung - 3 lobes intercostal area
• left lung - 2 lobes • cheyne-stokes - periods of apnea
> physiology
- - increase over time, indicates death is close
• ventilation - flow of air inside/outside alveoli > abnormal breath sounds
• perfusion - flow of blood into alveolar capillaries • crackles (rales) - when air moves through
> oxygenation
- fluid
• diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract - • wheezes - airways constricted by swelling,
negative pressure in lungs, thorax increases in size secretions, tumors
• sufactant - lubricant made in lungs, keeps alveoli • rhonchi - low snoring sounds caused by fluid/
open mucus, can cough up
• hypoxia - lack of oxygen at cellular level • stridor - obstruction in upper airway
• hypoxemia - limited amount of oxygen in blood atelectasis - complete/partial collapse of lung
>
- respiratory activity
4 in infant - crackles can be heard
• chest is small, airways are short - aspiration
• RR is rapid, abdominal movement
↳ in child - landmarks less prominent
• immune system protects from most infections by
late childhood
↳ older adult - landmarks more prominent from fat loss
• kyphosis - leaning forward
• barrel chest - increase anteroposterior diameter
• diaphragm moves less efficiently
• increased risk for disease, especially pneumonia
>
- respiratory rate - inspiration and expiration
>
diagnostic methods
• range from 12-20 breaths/min • electrocardiography
• tachypnea - greater than 20bpm • pulmonary function studies ie. spirometry,
pulse oximetry
- physical activity, anxiety, pain
• ABGs, CBC
• bradypnea - less than 12bpm >
- promotion methods
- health conditions, medications • healthy lifestyle
>
- oxygen saturation - amt of oxygen bound to hemoglobin • vaccinations - influenza, pneumococcal
• 95-100% disease, COVID, RSV
• pneumonia, chronic lung disease, pulmonary edema • proper breathing - deep breathing, incentive
• hypoxia indications spirometry
- early: tachypnea, confusion, pale skin, elevated BP • pollution free environment
- late: stupor, cyanosis, bradypnea, bradycardia, • reduce anxiety
hypotension • meet oxygen needs
>
- structure and function >
- normal breath sounds
• upper airway - nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx • vesicular - low pitched, soft sound during
- warm, filter, humidify inspired air expiration, heard over most of lungs
• lower airway - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli • bronchial - high pitched, longer, over trachea
- conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, production • bronchovesicular - medium pitch during
of surfactant expiration, over upper anterior chest/
• right lung - 3 lobes intercostal area
• left lung - 2 lobes • cheyne-stokes - periods of apnea
> physiology
- - increase over time, indicates death is close
• ventilation - flow of air inside/outside alveoli > abnormal breath sounds
• perfusion - flow of blood into alveolar capillaries • crackles (rales) - when air moves through
> oxygenation
- fluid
• diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract - • wheezes - airways constricted by swelling,
negative pressure in lungs, thorax increases in size secretions, tumors
• sufactant - lubricant made in lungs, keeps alveoli • rhonchi - low snoring sounds caused by fluid/
open mucus, can cough up
• hypoxia - lack of oxygen at cellular level • stridor - obstruction in upper airway
• hypoxemia - limited amount of oxygen in blood atelectasis - complete/partial collapse of lung
>
- respiratory activity
4 in infant - crackles can be heard
• chest is small, airways are short - aspiration
• RR is rapid, abdominal movement
↳ in child - landmarks less prominent
• immune system protects from most infections by
late childhood
↳ older adult - landmarks more prominent from fat loss
• kyphosis - leaning forward
• barrel chest - increase anteroposterior diameter
• diaphragm moves less efficiently
• increased risk for disease, especially pneumonia
>
- respiratory rate - inspiration and expiration
>
diagnostic methods
• range from 12-20 breaths/min • electrocardiography
• tachypnea - greater than 20bpm • pulmonary function studies ie. spirometry,
pulse oximetry
- physical activity, anxiety, pain
• ABGs, CBC
• bradypnea - less than 12bpm >
- promotion methods
- health conditions, medications • healthy lifestyle
>
- oxygen saturation - amt of oxygen bound to hemoglobin • vaccinations - influenza, pneumococcal
• 95-100% disease, COVID, RSV
• pneumonia, chronic lung disease, pulmonary edema • proper breathing - deep breathing, incentive
• hypoxia indications spirometry
- early: tachypnea, confusion, pale skin, elevated BP • pollution free environment
- late: stupor, cyanosis, bradypnea, bradycardia, • reduce anxiety
hypotension • meet oxygen needs
