Ariikelsey

Introduction Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), or African Sleeping Sickness, is caused by two sub-species of Trypanosoma brucei. T. b. gambiense accounts for approximately 95% of HAT infections and occurs across East and Central sub-Saharan Africa. The remaining infections are caused by T. b. rhodesiense in West and Southern Africa. The disease has two stages: Stage 1, where the parasites are limited to the bloodstream, interstitial fluids and lymph of the patient, and stage 2, where ...

The detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types in genital specimens has now been approved in several countries for the triage of women with a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and for the primary screening for cervical cancer for women aged 30 years and above as an adjunct to cytology (18). HPV DNA genotyping has proven useful in the study of the natural history and transmission of HPV infection (9, 15). Genotyping assays wi...

In industrialized countries, the use of sensitive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening tests, donor deferral, and more conservative use of blood have resulted in a dramatic decrease in the transmission of HIV infection by blood transfusion. The risk of HIV transmission in the United States by blood screened negative for HIV antibody was recently estimated at one in 440,000-660,000 donations. However, in many developing countries where the prevalence of HIV infection among blood do...

The Mediterranean Landscape Dynamics (MedLanD) project is attempting to better understand the long-term effects of human agropastoral landuse on environmental degradation (Barton et al., 2010). A major component of this type of research involves modeling the zone of environmental impact surrounding archaeological sites. It is inadequate to use traditional archaeological, geoarchaeological, ethnoarchaeological, or ecological approaches in isolation from one another for this task. Danti (20...

Greek city states in antiquity were distinguished polities basically because of their education systems. Athens was particularly important, having hosted such popular institutions as the Academy of Plato and the Lyceum of Aristotle. Each city state had a defined philosophy of education that guided teaching and by extension, learning. Aristotle, in his Politics as quoted by Howie (1968) stated, “Thus in Sparta and Crete the educational system and most of the laws are directed towards th...

Ox y gen iso tope anal y sis of den tal enamel is a pow er ful tool for palaeo bio logi cal and ar chae o log i cal stud ies as an in di ca tor of the pa ram e ters of phys i ol ogy, nat u ral en vi ron ment and hab i - tat pref er ences. A par tic u larly prom is ing ap proach is to mea - sure intra-tooth vari a tion (Ballase, 2003; Blaise and Balasse, 2011; Stevens et al., 2011), be cause teeth ac cu mu late a se - quence of sig nif i cant iso to pic in for ma tion cov er ing the short ...

Nowadays, more and more aspects of human activity include some sort of interaction with digital technologies. Those interactions result in the increasing production of data, which can be interpreted and explored as digital traces of human behavior. Discovery of patterns occurring in such data creates tremendous new opportunities in the fields of geography, urban planning, as well as other areas of social science, which are experiencing flourishing developments due to the availability of ...

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is a protozoal parasite ubiquitous in nature and distributed worldwide. In recent years, the decrease in toxoplasmosis seroprevalence among populations of many industrialized countries has caused increased susceptibility among women of child-bearing age.1–5 Intrauterine transmission can occur if the infection is acquired during pregnancy.6 The risk and Received: October 15 2015. Accepted: July 17 2016. Corresponden...

A range of negative results ensued to the decade-long economic crisis in Greece, among which the number of academic personnel in tertiary education significantly decreased. In this article, we present evidence concerning the “Acquisition of Academic Teaching Experience for New Scientists” initiative. It was established in 2016, and the aim of this public initiative was to introduce young scientists as adjunct teaching personnel. This initiative forms part of a new “generation” of re...

Brooks Divinity School Brooks Divinity School provides theological training for ministers, ministerial candidates, and lay persons in Divine Science. The school  named after Nona L. Brooks, the founder of Divine Science  is located at 1400 Williams Street, Denver, Colorado 80220 (). About This Edition This web edition of the Varieties of Religious Experience was created in Microsoft Word 7.0 and saved as an Adobe Corporation PDF (portable document format) file. It is intended to be...

Tularemia is a zoonosis endemic in certain areas of the northern hemisphere. It is caused by Francisella tularensis, facultative intracellular gram negative coccobacillus. Four subspecies have been described (F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, F. tularensis subsp. holarctica, F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica, and F. tularensis subsp. novicida), but only F. tularensis subsp. tularensis and F. tularensis subsp. holarctica are of epidemiological importance as agents causing human disease. F....

Schistosoma haematobium is the most prevalent of the six Schistosoma species that infect humans. The other five Schistosoma species — S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, S. guineensis and S. intercalatum — generally cause gastrointestinal pathology, whereas S. haematobium causes genitourinary disease (WHO 2012). Schistosomiasis is endemic in Africa with hundreds of millions of people at risk for disease and millions affected (Gryseels et al. 2006; Utzinger et al. 2009). Among huma...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is the primary gateway into HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, making increased access and frequency of HIV testing critical to ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: (B. Grinsztejn). stemming the spread of the epidemic. People with HIV who are aware of their status can begin lifesaving treatment, which in turn decreases HIV infectiousness1,2 and may decrease risk behaviors following diagnosis.3–7 Furthermore, modeling studies in the U.S....

1.Introduction The role of offshore and deep-water drilling in today’s oil production is undeniable. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) (2010), a third of the world oil production came from offshore drilling in 2010 and this number is expected to increase to about half in 2015. In the confirmation of this fact, Fig.1 shows the summary of all the wells, which have been drilled in the Gulf of Mexico from 1940 to 2010 by indicating their water depth. This figure illustrates...

1. Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remain issues of significant public health importance with a high burden of morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Globally, over 39 million AIDS-related deaths had occurred by 2019 and there are close to 2 million new infections every year [1,2]. In 2019 and 2020, AIDS-related deaths averaged 690,000 per year and though appreciable, this was a 39% reduction compared to estimates for 2010 fi...

Children and families who live in poverty or are otherwise at high risk face many obstacles in the current health care system. One of the most difficult obstacles is the manner in which child health has historically been viewed. The traditional view is exclusively centered on medical interventions, but the health of children living in poverty is inextricably intertwined with their socioeconomic circumstances and requires organized interventions extending far beyond the parameters of tradi...

There continues to be uncertainty as to what aspect of an odorant is detected by an olfactory receptor (OR). Early models assumed that the shape of the odorant was most important (Amoore 1952). Experimental results reported by Buck and Axel (1991) showed that each OR recognizes several odors and each odor is recognized by several ORs. This raises the issue of what aspects of the molecule can provide this selectivity. Turin (1996) made the novel proposal that ORs detect the intramolecular...

These are not normal times. As the historian Harari pointed out, the coronavirus outbreak has forced governments, businesses, and educational boards to carry out large scale experiments they would never have agreed to conduct in normal times (Harari, 2020). In an attempt to curb the spread of the virus, the Italian government officially declared Italy’s lockdown in late February 2020. Among other things, this forced the entire education system to suddenly shift onto digital platforms...

The scientific literacy ability of Indonesian students is still low (Zahara & Atun, 2018). Indonesia ranks 74th out of 79 countries with an average scientific literacy score of 389 (Schleicher, 2018). PISA's scientific literacy scores can show the critical thinking skills of junior high school students (Pratiwi, 2019). Students' critical thinking ability is one of the high-level skills that are needed in the teaching and learning process (Bustami et al., 2019). According to Pia...

T he ideal replacement material for repairing defects in the tunica albuginea has yet to be defined. Current experience has used synthetic or harvested natural materials to reconstruct defects present in the corpora cavernosa. Synthetic materials have included polytetrafluoroethylene products such as Gore-Tex, Marlex, and Dacron. These materials are readily available, resilient, and inert. However, complications surrounding their use have been observed, including inelasticity of the g...